Burn Injuries

Skin grafts and pressure garments

After a serious burn injury, skin graft surgery may be carried out. A skin graft is where healthy skin is taken from an unaffected area of the body and used to cover skin which has been burnt. Pressure garments may be worn as burns and skin grafts heal.

This section covers:

  • Skin graft surgery and recovery
  • Wearing pressure garments
  • Reflecting on experiences of skin grafts

Skin graft surgery and recovery

Some of the people we spoke to had undergone skin graft surgery. Helen Y, Tom and Helen X had skin grafts only when they were first burnt. Others had multiple skin grafts at different times – for example, if there were problems with mobility or scar appearance or, for those burnt as a child, as they grew up. Mercy had contracture, where scar tissue on her neck and hands made it difficult to move, and estimated that she has had around 20 skin graft operations in total.

India has had multiple skin grafts as she has got older.

India has had multiple skin grafts as she has got older.

Age at interview: 21
Sex: Female
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Initially I think they used animal skin or something as a temporary cover for some of it and then, over time they just did a bunch of full thickness grafts. So, they took skin from my back, the bottoms of my legs. They had to shave my head and take the skin from my head in order to slowly graft over all the injured area, and that was kind of like the initial surgery. But then there was a lot of years of coming back and having to get stuff redone or regrafted, especially because, I’m sure you’ll hear from other people, but scars don’t grow, so when you have them when you’re really young you’re wearing a, it’s like putting on a t-shirt that you got when you were three years old, it just gets tighter and tighter. So, I had to have more surgeries as I grew up.

Sometimes a skin graft is done if a burn is not healing as well as healthcare professionals would like. Sarah said that “after the horrific few weeks of… waiting for it [the burn] to heal”, it was then “a relief” to have a skin graft and “the reality of having them done was fine”.

Sarah had to have a skin graft because her burn was not healing properly.

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Sarah had to have a skin graft because her burn was not healing properly.

Age at interview: 34
Sex: Female
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I didn’t actually end up having skin grafts straightaway. They thought that some of it might heal without. So, I then went once a week to the hospital and my partner did the dressing changes at home in between but actually, they didn’t heal. And, in the end, after five weeks, I did have it all skin-grafted, and I think I stayed in. But to be honest, it took a really long time to heal, even with the skin grafts and it was nearly six months in the end by the time everything had healed completely. Yeah, it did take a long time. Generally speaking, I usually saw the same nurse when I went in for my, you know like dressing changes and things at the hospital, which was really nice.

So, what was your experience like of having a skin graft?

To be honest, that part was actually ok. After the horrific few weeks of trying, waiting for it to heal, it was a relief when I finally had them. And things were quite smooth after that, well smoother. And actually it was a relief when they were done. Obviously, I’d spent a really long time by that point thinking about it and actually, the reality of having them done was fine. Obviously it was hard, and I was in hospital, away from, you know, for a few days when they were done, but, actually, it was ok. I was glad it was done, I felt like, you know, it was good progress. You couldn’t smell burns or dressings after I had the skin grafts and that was much nicer.

Usually, the skin used to cover the burn will be taken from the person’s own body. For example, Justyn had skin taken from his legs which was grafted onto his chest where he had been burnt. Sinead’s daughter had several skin grafts, and it was a “very long, tedious process” because “there was very little of her body that wasn’t burnt, they would remove skin from her back to place elsewhere and then have to wait for that skin to grow back to remove it again”.

Sometimes a skin graft is done that uses skin from another person, called an allograft. This can be skin from a ‘living donor’, such as a family member. Skin from deceased people donated through organ donation can also be used as a temporary measure until a person’s own skin can be used. This was the case for Helen X before she had a replacement skin graft using skin from another part of her body a day later. Kate had a skin graft using skin from a deceased organ donor, and this was the reason her Mum registered to be an organ donor herself.

Raffaella initially had a skin graft using skin from an organ donor.

Raffaella initially had a skin graft using skin from an organ donor.

Age at interview: 42
Sex: Female
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So, if they asked me before that I would have put cadaveric skin on myself and wrap it all up and keep it there, I would have gone ‘You must be crazy’ but when that happened and they explained to me what it, why it was to, you know, make sure that my wound bed was much better, when I would have received my own skin from somewhere else, then I was just so grateful for this dead person… you know that they actually donated skin for somebody in my condition. Yeah, so … I was terrified of having dressing change and it was like, enough obviously as my skin peeled off, but then I was wrapped up until the next operation and then I didn’t have to have a dressing until after I had a proper skin graft.

Recovery from a skin graft can be painful and itchy, including for those who had skin taken from another part of their body, like Helen X and Claire. This was also the case for Helen Y who appreciated being given a morphine pump that she could control herself. Raiche found the itchiness difficult to cope with: “you’re not meant to itch it, you’re not even meant to touch it because it could just throw everything out the window and you’re in for another surgery in no time”. Saffron and Helen Y talked about the pain of having staples removed from the skin graft site.

Saffron said the recovery from a skin graft was difficult.

Saffron said the recovery from a skin graft was difficult.

Age at interview: 24
Sex: Female
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Again, the actual operation, I would say, is probably the easiest part. I found that the actual recovery of a skin graft is harder, mainly because the itchiness, you know, it’s the skin graft, where they’ve taken that, itches a lot more I’d say than the actual recovery of where they’d put that skin. So, it’s a process, as I say, when I had it done, they stapled the skin to me, so it would be a case of letting them staples heal and then going back and having staples removed which, again, is quite a painful process. It’s quite an amazing, you know, in terms of how that actually works but, yeah, it can be quite painful.

When I went back as well for my final operation that was also a skin graft so, again, it takes a while for that skin to heal again and for you to be able to then get your movement back but, definitely the skin graft is something that takes, I would say is more of the challenging part of that healing process. The area where they take the skin usually heals up quite nicely in terms of you don’t have a scar left afterwards. When I look at my legs, because they took it from my legs on patches from each side so I can faintly see, I can tell where them patches are but, you know, on the whole it’s healed really nicely. With the latest one I had done, which would have been, I’d say about eight years ago now, that is you still see that quite a bit, but I’m just hoping, as I say, as the years go by that will fade as well, so yeah. Otherwise, I look a bit like a patchwork doll.

As part of their recovery from skin grafts, a few people had physiotherapy or other treatments like tissue expansion therapy to help the skin be more flexible as it healed. India also described massaging her skin graft area in order to help the skin stretch as it healed.

Helen Y had tissue expansion therapy about two years after having a skin graft.

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Helen Y had tissue expansion therapy about two years after having a skin graft.

Age at interview: 55
Sex: Female
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This was tissue expansion therapy, offered to me around 2 years after the injuries happened. The surgeon placed little plastic balloons under the healthy skin next to my grafts, and then I saw him regularly – maybe once a week – when he injected each of the balloons with more fluid so they expanded and effectively made more live, healthy skin next to the skin grafts. He explained it like having a baby grow in your tummy – your skin adjusts to the baby growing and is then left a bit saggy after the baby is born. When this healthy skin was stretched as far as it could go – over the course of 6 months or so – the surgeon performed a procedure in which he removed the balloons and pulled this extra saggy healthy skin over the damaged areas, replacing the grafts. And so, my skin wasn’t saggy after this, it was more moveable – it was fantastic – incredible the amount of extra movement I gained from that.

Wearing pressure garments

After skin graft surgery, the person will usually wear a pressure garment over the scarring for a number of weeks, months or sometimes years. Others, like Tom, did not have a skin graft but had still used some compression garments as their burns healed.

A pressure garment is a tight piece of clothing made from elastane (for example, Lycra), which provides constant pressure to a specific area of the body and helps reduce the appearance of scarring. They tend to be worn for most of the time (day and night). Usually, pressure garments are made-to-measure specifically for the person who will wear them.

Claire wore a pressure garment for a year after she was burnt.

Claire wore a pressure garment for a year after she was burnt.

Age at interview: 44
Sex: Female
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To be honest I can't remember how long I wore them for, probably a year maybe, or maybe it would have been longer, the pressure garments. Because I kind of had a little jacket which had a long sleeve for this arm and a short sleeve for that one. Yeah, I think, nothing on the bottom, so it was just like a little bodice jacket thing with a zip, but it was pretty tight because it was supposed to be, you know, flattening out the scars. And it was hot in the summer.

Just wearing this pressure garment was the main thing. And then we would go back in for check-ups, and I guess to... I don't really remember check-ups, I remember going into this room that was kind of like where they made these garments. It was like a big, loads of sewing machines. It was kind of like the specialist bit of the hospital where they did that, and I guess I would have had to have new ones regularly because I was growing. I guess that was that what that was for, but I don't even know how long I wore it.

Nurses suggested that William could wear “stretchy trousers” instead of compression bandages. William found the trousers to be comfortable to wear.

Nurses suggested that William could wear “stretchy trousers” instead of compression bandages. William found the trousers to be comfortable to wear.

Age at interview: 15
Sex: Male
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Dad: But the stretchy trousers were a kind of suggestion from one of the nurses, it’s like ‘Well, try these before we go down the compression bandage route because, actually they’re all bespoke, they all take time to make, so not particularly comfortable, whereas the stretchy trousers we’ve had success with. Try them, see what happens. If it doesn’t work, we’ll still go down that option but, you know, for your benefit try them, because you can have a dozen pairs of stretchy trousers from whichever running shop in question, you can wash them every day. Whereas your bespoke bandages you’re getting one and … and when it breaks, we get you another one.’

William: It’s like, so the first pair of…

Dad: Running trousers, weren’t they?

William: Yeah, running trousers, they had a pocket in the back of them, which wasn’t very comfortable because the zip kept on digging into me. So, basically my mum bought some which didn’t have pockets in and they were much more comfortable.

William: You’re supposed to wear them 23 hours a day. And they were actually really impressed because I wore them 23.5 hours a day, just that short amount of time, to actually shower and get changed. The rest of the time I was wearing them.

So, you were happy to wear them a lot?

Yeah, they’re comfortable.

Some of the people we spoke to had to wear small pressure garments, such as compression gloves which covered their hands. Others whose burns covered a larger surface area needed to wear pressure garments which were like trousers, vests, or jackets.

Claire, Saffron and Charlotte were all children when they were burnt. They had to have new pressure garments made regularly to fit their growing bodies and found them uncomfortable and restrictive. Claire told us she had to wear a pressure garment for around a year after she was burnt as she was only three years old at the time.

Charlotte said wearing a pressure garment was “itchy” and “uncomfortable”.

Charlotte said wearing a pressure garment was “itchy” and “uncomfortable”.

Age at interview: 42
Sex: Female
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Just itchy and un-comfy. So, they had kind of zips down the side so you have to kind of get them on, and then you zip them down the side, so they're really tight around your lower legs. And then I just remember like that would be so sore, where the zip was, they'd always be embedded and you like you'd want to itch it and you just didn't have the full range of, they're just, obviously they're just really tight. So just not particularly nice and they don't look very nice either, so just, I suppose, for that. Like it's not the worst thing again in the whole, but it's just another thing that gets added to it.

Yeah, so that I think it's a year for pressure garments. And you do really want to burn them, and they have to change them quite regularly and I suppose for me because I would have been growing at the same time. So, and I can't even tell you how often but what you'd have they come in quite often then you get re-measured and then you get new ones sent out. But then you couldn't. So they're kind of made a new, they're like stockings really where they haven't got a gusset in there, so you can't even, you don't take them off when you go to the toilet. They're just supposed to just, you know, you've got your underwear on top of them. So, it's just all of it. Not particularly nice.

Some people found wearing a pressure garment uncomfortable, and it made a few feel self-conscious. Saffron said that wearing a pressure garment restricted her movements and made her feel very itchy. She told us that she was around 5 years old when she wore a pressure garment for the first time, and it was a “challenge” for her parents to get her to wear them. Raffaella and Raiche found it uncomfortable having to wear pressure garments in hot weather.

Helen Y was helped to come to terms with wearing a pressure garment after speaking to someone else who wore one.

Helen Y was helped to come to terms with wearing a pressure garment after speaking to someone else who wore one.

Age at interview: 55
Sex: Female
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Yeah, because I do remember the pressure vest being a hideous thing for me and I remember being in floods of tears when they were fitting me with it and thinking ‘Do I really have to wear this for a year?’ or whatever they told me, ‘I can’t believe it this is just affecting the next year of my life...' And so, when I was travelling on public transport, even though you couldn’t see my burn injuries, I thought people could see that pressure vest somehow and I felt different.

I’ll tell you the story of one person I met, I think it was at the very first burns group I attended, when I was wearing this pressure vest and I was still thinking 'How on earth am I going to live every day in this bloody thing?'. And there was a guy there who’d probably been burnt two years before, and because we were going back the same way – he was a lot younger than me – but because we were going back the same way, we’d get on the same train. Aand I was talking to him about this pressure vest and, you know, how on earth am I going to live with it, and he told me this story which still makes me smile today, which he said “Well, you do kind of forget about it, it becomes part of you, you kind of forget about it". He said, “About nine months after I’d been wearing mine…” and his was on his leg, he said “I met my now wife. And, you know, we were getting undressed, and she said, “What on earth is that on your leg?” and I’d completely forgotten that I had it there”. So, that made me think 'Perhaps I will forget this thing', because at the time it was just in my head 100% of the time, the minute I woke up until the minute I went to bed, 'I cannot bear this thing on me'. And his, the conversation with him made me think 'Oh, maybe I will eventually forget it’s there, like he did'. So, it was meeting people like that at the burns group, who’d been through it all, who weren’t particularly suffering now but who had suffered in the past, that really helped me.

I wouldn’t say it wasn’t a relief to have it off eventually, but I completely lived my life not having it in my head 100% of the time, that I could do things normally, I could work, I could live my life without constantly thinking about it.

Reflecting on experiences of skin grafts

Although some people were not given much choice about having a skin graft, such as Justyn who was burnt as a child, others described being able to decide whether to have the treatment. Some found it frightening when skin graft surgery was raised as a necessary or optional treatment. Charlotte, who was burnt as a child, recalled skin grafts being mentioned a few days after she was burnt as doctors began to “realise the extent” of her injuries.

There is no guarantee that a skin graft will be successful or have the results hoped for, and there is a risk that a skin graft won’t ‘take’. This uncertainty was grappled with by those who were given the option of having skin grafts. Some, like Helen X, chose to have skin grafts in some areas and not in others.

Waiting for a few days after her burn gave Helen X some time to think about skin grafts. She wanted to know what to expect in terms of the appearance of a healed skin graft and went on to make different decisions for different areas.

Doctors sometimes raised the possibility of skin grafts but then they did not go ahead. A skin graft was mentioned to Marilyn early on when there were concerns about having full movement of her elbow, but eventually her doctors decided it wasn’t needed. Tom felt frustrated and “sick of being in bandages”, so decided not to have a skin graft on his hands because it would have extended the amount of time he was in in bandages for.

Frazer did not want a skin graft, so when his doctor suggested that it might be avoidable if he stopped smoking, he immediately quit.

Frazer did not want a skin graft, so when his doctor suggested that it might be avoidable if he stopped smoking, he immediately quit.

Age at interview: 22
Sex: Male
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I remember the doctor coming in just saying, "Do you smoke?" I said, "Yeah." And I think he said to me, "Such a silly thing to do – you’re killing yourself. But anyway, if you give up smoking there’s a chance you may not need a skin graft." And so, I just completely, you know, kicked it in the can there and then.

So essentially, obviously, when you smoke, the nicotine sort of constricts your blood vessels. So less blood flow will go to the veins. They were saying the more blood supply you have, the less likely you are to need the skin graft because to begin with it, was looking... they wanted there and then to just say ‘Right, you’re going down for a skin graft’ but I was just so... I don’t know. I guess I’ve always got off quite well – and I’ve broken hands and whatnot before – and I’ve sort of always managed to just handle it if that made sense. And so, I did... I was very reluctant to have 'two injuries for one'.

I can’t exactly put my finger on why I was so adamant, maybe it was, I didn’t quite understand the skin graft. I think that probably was part of it, and also sort of... I guess when you think of a skin graft, it... it makes it quite serious, and I think I was just still in the mindset 'This isn’t serious, this isn’t serious'. You know, it’s not... that’s probably what was in my mind as I kept going. And so, you know, I probably... I’m thankful now knowing... knowing that it would heal, I face I got to give up smoking and the fact, you know, I’m definitely pleased with the decision I made, but I wouldn’t be as opposed to it if like, you know, let’s say the week or so afterwards and I went back and I said right, you still need skin graft. I don’t think I’d have just been like down right no, I’m not having it, you know. I would have gone for it. I think I just... I guess in in my head, I wanted to give it a chance.

Some people were pleased with the outcomes many years later – both in terms of the area where a skin graft was applied and, for some, where the skin was removed from. Natasha had a skin graft on her chest and shoulder after being burnt as a baby, which is now a barely visible scar. Helen X, who chose to have a skin graft in one area and not in another, based on the likely appearances of the healed skin, appreciated being able to make an “educated, informed choice”. You can read more about impacts of burn injuries on appearance here.

 

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