Immunisation
Parents' views of the diseases being immunised against
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diphtheria
- tetanus
- whooping cough (pertussis)
- polio (poliomyelitis)
- Hib (haemophilus influenzae type b)
- Hepatitis B
- meningitis and epiglottitis
- meningococcal C (meningitis and septicaemia)
- meningococcal B
- pneumococcal disease (pneumonia and meningitis)
- measles, mumps and rubella (MMR)
Because of the amount of protection (herd immunity) offered from the above diseases and their complications with immunisation, few parents of today's babies and young children have any direct personal experience of these once common diseases.
A majority of parents believe in immunisation for their children. However, also included here the views of parents who did not believe immunisation was right for their child based on their own personal beliefs. Their views represent a proportion of the population.
Measles
Measles causes a rash spreading from behind the ears to the rest of the body, cough, runny nose, eye irritation and sensitivity to light, fever, and greyish-white spots in the mouth and throat. Symptoms can also include diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal pain.
About 1 in 15 children with measles will also have serious complications, which include ear infection, pneumonia and fits. A rare complication (about 1 in every 1,000- 2000 cases) is inflammation of the brain (encephalitis), which can lead to permanent brain damage and can be fatal in children with a lowered immune system (Oxford Vaccine Knowledge, January 24, 2024).
Mumps
Mumps causes a fever, headache and swollen salivary glands in the cheeks and neck. Around 1 in 3 people do not show any symptoms when they are infected (Oxford Vaccine Group, November 28, 2018).
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deafness
- aseptic meningitis (infection of the membranes around the brain and spinal cord)
- inflammation of the testicles or ovaries and sterility
- kidney, joint, and heart problems
- encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)
- inflammation of the pancreas
Mumps and the complications that can happen with it can also lead to fatality (death).
Rubella
- eye cataracts and visual impairment or blindness
- deafness
- heart problems (abnormalities)
- stunted growth
- damaged tissue in the brain, liver, lungs, and bone marrow
Of note, 90% of surviving babies born when the mother has rubella in the first 10 weeks of pregnancy will show 1 or more of these defects (Oxford Vaccine Knowledge, 19 January 2022).
Rubella is given as part of the MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine to young children rather than to teens so that if a child caught the disease, there is a lower chance for it to be passed on to pregnant women. Once it became clear that immunisation at an early age would protect for many years, it was decided that children would be immunised in order to stop the spread of rubella in children and so gain herd immunity.
With these diseases, the more people who are not immunised the greater chance there is of both immunised and unimmunised children contracting the disease (herd immunity).
Parents' views of the diseases being immunised against
One factor influencing parents' decisions about whether to immunise their child was how serious they perceived these diseases to be.
The majority of parents we spoke with knew these diseases could be serious and didn't want to risk the chance of their child getting a complication, and nor did they want their child to be unwell when there were effective vaccines available to prevent it.
It is important to consider the long-term implications of not immunising your children.
It is important to consider the long-term implications of not immunising your children.
But I mean it's like the mumps. That's more for sort of I think little boys and that, and, and teenage men when they get it, it can cause problems. So you can't just look at yourself, you should look at, at future, what can happen in the future, you know. And German measles, if you have never had, or if you've not been vaccinated and you get, get it, or when you're pregnant, I believe, I don't know, but I believe it can harm the baby in the early stages of pregnancy. So it's not just a now thing, it's later, it's later on. And if she's vaccinated against all of those then as I said before she is, I've done my duty now, she's safe from those things. There's enough in the world that she can get, at least that's three less really.
In her work as a community paediatrician, she has seen children with some of these diseases.
In her work as a community paediatrician, she has seen children with some of these diseases.
I understand a lot of parents feel, okay let everyone else immunise I don't want to. That's often a, you know, if most of the population are immunised fine I'll be the one who doesn't. But if everyone has that attitude then you're not going to get uptake levels high enough to actually give herd immunity. And okay if a few don't it's not going to make a major impact but enough people, if enough people decide not to for that reason that will leave it to everyone else then you're still going to get these diseases occurring and your not going to be able to keep the levels down. And for example you're then putting very young babies at risk who haven't got to the stage where they should be immunised yet.
More children in her local area have had measles and mumps, which she believes could have been prevented.
More children in her local area have had measles and mumps, which she believes could have been prevented.
There was an outbreak at the beginning of the year, with the measles, see it's gone from the measles to the mumps, to chicken pox. So there's a lot of the same children had the same things, and I think that's so, you know those children should have been protected from that, but they weren't. I mean, even if you get chicken pox, or measles, when they've had the injections, you'll find the children are not sick with it. If you haven't had the injections, the immunisations they will, they can be, it can be potentially dangerous, obviously especially to pregnant women as well, which there's a lot of, obviously pregnant women around.
And the children that had measles - have you seen them? How ill have they been?
There's been, there is one case that I did see and it was really quite a bad case. They had measles in their eyes, up their nose, on their tongue, in their ears. All over their body and they were really quite sick with it. But if they'd had the injection it wouldn't have been half as bad. They'd have just had, you know, the itchiness, you know, and a little bit sick but not as bad as what it could have been.
Parents who had heard first-hand accounts of problems caused by diseases such as measles and mumps were in favour of immunisation. Some had relatives who had been affected by the diseases before immunisations were available, and this influenced their decisions.
One mother said her neighbour's one-year-old son had had febrile convulsions from measles. Another said her own mother had gone deaf in one ear as a result of having mumps as a child.
Her relative was seriously ill from mumps which influenced her decision to vaccinate her children.
Her relative was seriously ill from mumps which influenced her decision to vaccinate her children.
The other thing that really affected me was when I looked at what it said about the downsides of not having the, following the MMR programme and the fact that the whole, all the problems that had come about as a result of this whole this report were people in their hundreds refusing to have, follow the programme through. And I mean the three diseases that it's talking about mumps, measles, rubella are really serious diseases.
A relative of mine basically had [mumps] when he was very young and starting convulsing and I think he was very seriously ill. Yes his mother said it was not a joking matter at all and she really thought at one point that she might lose him. So she's, you know, very much for the immunisation programme, definitely.
Her relative was very unwell with measles when he was a child and she feels that her own children should be protected through immunisation.
Her relative was very unwell with measles when he was a child and she feels that her own children should be protected through immunisation.
I know from my mother-in-law, she's, always spoken, well, she spoke about it before we had children, I was aware that, that, that he'd been very, very unwell with [measles]. And, and I think it impacted quite a lot on her really having such a, a sick tiny child, with two other small children around as well. I think it, it really frightened her and, and worried her. And I don't think it had a particular impact on my decision to, or our decision to have our children immunised. But certainly it's something that you hear about people being very sick with, with diseases now that we don't really think a great deal about. But it, it's, I guess it's, just because it's not so common you don't, you don't really think so much about it. You just think it's something that's just not too, not too difficult and you get over if you have it. But he was really very poorly with it.
A few parents questioned why measles and mumps were considered to be such serious diseases now, when they themselves had them as a child and did not remember them as serious.
One couple personally thought the government was suggesting that the diseases were more serious than they actually were to encourage parents to have the MMR vaccine.
Another parent said they thought it was important not to scare parents into having the immunisations done, but it was also important not to underestimate how serious these diseases could be.
Of note, 1 in 15 children with measles develop serious complications including earache, pneumonia, fits, and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) (Oxford Vaccine Knowledge, 24 January 2024). When these rates are applied to the whole population, the complications of measles and mumps causes a serious number of hospital admissions and long-term disability.
Thought it was important not to scare parents in to having the immunisations but it was also important not to underestimate how serious these diseases could be.
Thought it was important not to scare parents in to having the immunisations but it was also important not to underestimate how serious these diseases could be.
The immunisation authorities are always accused of exaggerating the seriousness of some of these diseases. And I think it's understandable that if people look back you will see that diseases like measles for example were in the last twenty or thirty years not regarded as terribly serious diseases in this country. But it's interesting also how times change in, or in the way seriousness is regarded. You see it wasn't regarded as a serious problem thirty, forty, fifty years ago for a handful of children to die every year from measles. That was regarded as, because, compared with thirty years previous to that it was really impressive progress. I think that in modern society people would think to have a handful of children dying every year from measles was an unacceptable thing. And I quite agree that it's unacceptable.
But when people look back with rather rose-tinted spectacles and think, you know, 'Oh, well, you know, we all had a few days off school and granny looked after us, and it was great'. No doubt for the majority of children that was how it was and it wasn't so serious. But if a thousand children get measles, one or two will die from it and three or four will have more serious complications of encephalitis or pneumonia or other problems. And it's interesting in retrospect of course that children and parents only remember the ones that all got better. Doctors remember the ones that didn't. And that sticks very strongly in our memory because we remember those children that died or got serious complications. And we're still seeing some of the children that got serious complications.
For example rubella now is not taken very seriously. But I've got two patients whose mothers had the congenital rubella or got rubella in pregnancy in the 60s, and they were born with congenital rubella syndrome and are very profoundly handicapped as a result. And that's an enduring legacy. And so when you've seen those cases you become a real enthusiast for anything which will prevent them. And that's how I look at this comparison. I don't think it helps to try and scare parents into getting immunisations. On the other hand I don't think it helps to underestimate or to play down the seriousness of these conditions.
A small number of parents we spoke with held a personal belief that if their child had a strong immune system, there was less chance of them being very ill or developing complications from these diseases. There is no evidence that a strong immune system in any way substitutes for the protection given by immunisations.
While it is true that a child with an underlying health condition and a weakened immune system is more likely to have complications and/or die from measles, healthy children can be very ill too and can still develop serious complications.
Allowing them to catch the diseases means that they run the risk of developing complications that have serious and damaging effects.
She preferred to nurse her children through any of the diseases and chose not to immunise her children.
She preferred to nurse her children through any of the diseases and chose not to immunise her children.
I also spoke to as many people as possible. And my mother was quite a good source because I have elder brothers and sisters and the immunisations weren't available when they were children, and she nursed them both through measles and mumps. And she felt that whilst it was distressing in some ways and they were very poorly, you know, she managed, she managed to keep it under control and she was able to nurse them through. And I felt confident that I give my children a good diet, we eat organic food when we can and we have lots of fresh air. And also we use homeopathic remedies and I felt confident that my homeopath would be able to help us prevent and perhaps nurse through any of these illnesses should they arise. So that's how I assessed the risk in the end.
Believe the diseases can have unpleasant symptoms and dangerous complications but feel that the government tries to frighten people in to taking up the MMR vaccine.
Believe the diseases can have unpleasant symptoms and dangerous complications but feel that the government tries to frighten people in to taking up the MMR vaccine.
Mother: I want anybody, who consults (this website) to be aware of is that we've not made this decision in a trite way. We are fully aware that the illnesses that our children were offered vaccinations against, are dangerous illness, with unpleasant side effects and complications. But it's necessary to keep a balance and I think the trouble is, when the health authorities are promoting these vaccinations, they really wheel on the big guns and really try to frighten the daylights out of you.
And what are your views on the childhood diseases, like mumps and measles?
Father: Well, they're at the very worse end they are killers. But unfortunately the government that's in place at present, and for the next four years, takes figures from Asia, Japan and such like, and says that they're just as much a bad killer over here as they're over there, which anybody who looks into it in any depth, will realise that a lot of these nations are deficient in certain foods, which keep disease away, such as maybe carrots or whatever.
Mother: Well Vitamin A
Father: Vitamin A, specifically.
Mother: If I agree with [my husband] on that. We accept that these diseases potentially for some children can be very, very serious. But there is an awful lot that we're not told about these illnesses and then the scare tactics are really, really hyped up.
See also 'Considering the risks and benefits of immunisation' and 'Parents' attitudes toward childhood immunisation'.
Last reviewed: April 2025.
Last updated: April 2025.
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