Mental health: ethnic minority experiences
Outpatient & community services for mental health problems
Experiences of outpatient and community services
The majority of mental health care is provided by services in the community. People described using day centres, day hospitals, rehabilitation centres and being a hospital outpatient. Various professionals were involved in their care including support workers, GPs, CPNs (community psychiatric nurses), psychiatrists and social workers. Some people referred to the combination of different professionals as their 'mental health team'.
As with hospital inpatient services, various activities were available through these community services, including leisure activities, therapies, and work training. A few people found going to day centres helpful, but one woman said the day centre was only a “reason to get out of bed” and the only thing she got out of it was the opportunity to write poetry in their creative writing class. A few people mentioned that day centres were no longer available in their area.
Many people talked about professionals who had been helpful. This was usually because they had felt able to talk to them, and they had listened and seemed to understand.
Mae says she hasn't had much help, but didn't really want any because she didn't trust...
Mae says she hasn't had much help, but didn't really want any because she didn't trust...
And that can do you a lot of damage when you do find out and you think, well, who can I trust? And they say well okay it's because you're mentally ill, you're just making this into a big thing. Well if it's, if they know you're mentally ill they shouldn't be putting you in that position anyway where you're thinking, you know, those paranoid thoughts. So yeah I don't trust them and I haven't, as I said I haven't had a lot of help over the years. I did, on and off I've seen different psychiatrists but to me they always feel, they, it's always felt like they're sitting on a pedestal, you know, or they're putting themselves on a pedestal and I'm just there as part of, well as part of their job really, you know, and so whatever they say goes and who am I to argue with them? And I think well okay I could do without that, you know. And part of it is getting a good doctor, if you haven't got a good doctor then you're in a lot of trouble, you really are. But I, I have good doctors and I can go, women doctors and I can go there and actually sit down and talk to them if I've got a problem or whatever and I'll feel like I'm being well look after by my practitioner. But I can say that I haven't had a lot of help from, apart from coming here to [mental health organisation] from any other mental health teams at all, you know.
She felt her GP didn't try to understand what was wrong with her, whereas another doctor gave her practical support. (Audio in Cantonese, text in English).
She felt her GP didn't try to understand what was wrong with her, whereas another doctor gave her practical support. (Audio in Cantonese, text in English).
Since I brought pills from HK in 1988, I, I would still go to the hospital for regular check-ups. But again they would only ask me whether I took the medication, what time I get up, what are my daily activities, do I feel suicidal. Asking all these questions was not what I felt I needed. What I needed was to solve my marital problems; I need to know why my mind is not functioning properly. I need to solve these problems. But seems I didn't get any answers from them and was I left very disappointed. By end of '94, no matter how often I take the medicine I didn't seem to get any better. My mind might have one feeling at the park and another feeling at home and another on the street. I couldn't work out which of these was my mind's true feeling. So I thought it best to go home and sleep. Because of this, my husband accused me of being lazy and not wanting to work. All this added to my stress. After a while, I quit taking the pills and didn't see the doctor anymore. I found out later I had anemia, so I went to see the GP again, I was told a normal level should be 13 but I only reached 6. There was a volunteer who went with me, I think he was a psychology student. He translated to the doctor that my mental and physical health was not very good and I looked very pale. The doctor said I was alright and that it was nothing. Then I felt that the doctor completely failed to make an effort in understanding my situation and making a proper diagnosis. This added to my reluctance to see the GP further. Finally by 1994, I gradually took less and less medication and finally didn't take any medication in the end. I went to Healthy Living Centre and said I would like to change to a Chinese doctor and luckily they managed to find one for me. For the first few times that I saw the new doctor while not taking medication, I began to feel better, but after a few more appointments, my problems resurfaced.
After I left hospital, I would still have regular appointments to the outpatient's service at a psychiatric hospital all the way up until 1998. Out of all the doctors I'd met up to that point, I felt there was one doctor who really helped me. He wouldn't just ask standard questions regarding my medication and such, but really tried to get a deeper understanding of me. He asked me to partake in activities at my local community centers but I told him I couldn't because of mind's problems- the doctor seemed very understanding of this. I mentioned to him about my son's study, as he may have been affected by my marital problem. The doctor helped to write a letter to my son's school, so the school could have a better understanding of his situation and could assist him. Whether or not the school managed to help my son is another matter, but at least the doctor had done his part. I also told him about my marital problems; I wasn't happy, I couldn't apply for benefits as I was still living with my husband and my mental illness had always been a strain between us. Because of my issues, he very willingly helped me send letters to benefits and family counselling services. The letters were helpful, as those services later contacted me along with the help of a Chinese association. Even though I didn't get anything out of it as they didn't contact me further, at least the doctor did his job responsibly and didn't just repeatedly ask “Did you take your medication?” He tried to understand and help in other areas affecting my life. In all my years of seeing different doctors, that was the only doctor that did so. All the other doctors just asked me the same questions about my medication, diet, sleeping patterns, and daily activities. There was a very big difference.
People also mentioned receiving practical help and support from mental health services in the community, including noticing when they are becoming unwell, and from their GP - “without her, I don't know what I'd do”. One man felt that community mental health should also have responsibility for people's physical, as well as mental health problems. Many people went to day centres or saw a mental health professional for their medication (see 'Prescribed medication & side effects').
Professionals who didn't listen or give support were seen as unhelpful and even intrusive. One woman mentioned that although her GP was good, she didn't have the opportunity to discuss at length the things she felt were making her unwell. Another woman felt neglected because she'd been waiting for months for a referral to a psychiatrist. Some people valued the choices they had over their community based care and felt they had been really involved. Others, however, described feeling under pressure from mental health professionals.
Class, gender and ethnicity of professionals
Many felt it was important that the professional in question was able to understand their experiences and listened carefully to them, whatever their background. Some people felt it could be especially helpful if the professional had similar experiences, for example, of racism or mental health issues.
For some, it was essential that professionals shared the same background (whether gender, class or ethnicity), while for others it didn't matter at all. For one man, the professional didn't have to be the same ethnicity, but from any ethnic minority background. Another felt it would be helpful to have more Black psychiatrists in the system, but that sharing the same belief system as the patient was more important.
Her white, male psychiatrist is supportive, but she says it's important that the rest of her...
Her white, male psychiatrist is supportive, but she says it's important that the rest of her...
And do you see a psychiatrist or…?
I see one every two months… Yes, he's quite good actually. He is I didn't like him at first because I thought he looked like a banker [Laughs]. But he proved to be really kind of good, you know, supportive. I mean he's really helpful, with, you know, me preparing to go to university. He's making sure I get all the support I need from the university. So, you know, he has been good. Yes.
Are they white, your Mental Health Team?
My psychiatrist is white. My nurse, she's a Black woman… It's the Mental Health Team is reflective of the kind of ethnic, the ethnicity of the area I am in, which is really good actually. So there is a mix of white, Black and Asian professionals, you know.
Do you think it matters?
It does matter. Hugely it matters, you know.
In what way?
…It's just you just feel more at home really, if I mean, for example, when I was growing up, we lived on a kind of really hugely racist street. So… and that made me at times too scared to go to school, and, you know, and I'd be surrounded by teachers asking me why was I scared. They were all white, they had no, any kind of understanding of where we were coming from saying, you know, we were too scared to go to school, because there were certain people in the street who would swear at us, or spit at us. They just, they hadn't been through the experience. They would try to argue… You know, their argument that it's not so bad. You know, people aren't that bad and stuff like that, yes. It's just… I think every Black person in this country has experienced some racism unfortunately…
It's a very huge, sort of tricky subject actually. But to me it just feels nice that there is a nice of, not only ethnic backgrounds, but ages and kind of sexualities and it, all, you know, all that really is helpful, you know. Because I mean, how could I relate my life to what, for example, a white middle class, professional male, when my, my, my experience has been the total opposite, you know. That he's in a very empowered position, not really understanding what it is to be disempowered. You know. So it, it just closes the gap between service user and professionals if there is, you know, you know, other kind of other ethnicities and kind of other ways of life, you know, in. So it just closes a gap and the gap needs closing you know?
One Asian woman found it difficult to talk to her White, middle class therapist (see Sara's story), although another Asian man felt that ethnicity didn't affect his care because he was middle class. Several people felt that professionals “don't seem to understand Black culture”, including one woman of mixed heritage who felt that her white CPN couldn't identify with her.
Sara believes that white middle class people can't always understand Asian culture. (Played by an...
Sara believes that white middle class people can't always understand Asian culture. (Played by an...
But yes, I just, I don't always think that middle class people can understand like, oh and, you know, white middle class people can understand. I mean for instance, like they would not understand Asian culture. And things like, you know, like in Asian culture it's kind of like you don't talk to people outside the family. You know, you don't let them know things, it stays in the family, and… I don't know, I think they, they are looking at things from what is normal from a white middle class person's perspective. And what might be normal for them will not necessarily be normal for me. You know, I mean for instance in this culture it's very much kind of individualistic, sort of go-getting thing, whereas in other cultures it might be more sort of collective community that's more important. I mean for instance like just giving an example, I don't really have very much ambition and in this culture that matters, because we are kind of brought up to achieve and succeed and have a career and be successful, whereas if I was growing-up in, I don't know, an African village or something, it would be fine for me to just, I don't know, you know, gut fish or something for a living and I'd still be part of the community and valued. I don't know, I just…
Another woman noticed that she had expectations for professionals based on their ethnicity and gender which were not met: for example, she was initially disappointed when she couldn't talk openly with a Black female GP, and pleasantly surprised when a White male GP was very helpful. The same GPs, however, acted quite differently in later appointments.
Imani saw GPs from different backgrounds and reflects on her expectations and experiences of the consultation.
Imani saw GPs from different backgrounds and reflects on her expectations and experiences of the consultation.
[long inhalation of breath] I walked in and I saw a black female GP and I was so relieved. I was so relieved. And I just thought, well I knew she would be female, but I didn't know if she would be black, or if she'd be white, or if she'd be South East Asian or if she would be, I didn't know. And I really just, I really wanted to get vulnerable with her and just, you know, tell her this is what has been going on for me and stuff, but she was so strong, you know, she was so strong that I kind of, you know, I let the jelly off the plate for a bit, but when I looked into her eyes, I realised that I don't think it's acceptable. So I put the mould back on and kind of spoke to her like that, and like this, and like that I am fine and dah dah and she just said, 'Okay fine. All right then. And what can we do for you?' And I just thought well I don't know what you can do for me [laughs]. I am here to talk to you so you can tell me what you can do for me. I'm not here to tell you. And then eventually she just said, 'Well all right then, I'll tell you what, I'll give you a month off. Because it is clear that you are depressed, and yes, come back and see us again in a month.' And that was it.
Is that what you were expecting?
No way. I really thought that. I walked in there and I saw a black woman and I thought this black woman if I talk to her and let her know, she will just, you know, slip into my shoes and she'll know exactly what I am talking about. She'll know the language. You know, she'll know the sisterhood language and, but it wasn't like that at all. It wasn't like that. And I don't know if my vulnerability made her feel vulnerable and made her feel soft, and made her feel less then strong. And it was something that she didn't want to identify with at that time. I mean I see her as a black female GP, but I don't know how many, you know, trials she has been through. How many times she's had to stand up for her race and her gender. I don't know how many times she could have written a letter of complaint about someone's treatment of her, but chose not to. I don't know what her history was. The only thing was I just wanted this woman who was going to understand [laughs] and I didn't get her. I didn't get that on that day.
So the next day, the next time I went a month later I went back and I, I, oh I hate going to the doctors, I hate it. I hate the thing of not being well. And not being well in a way that you can't look at me and see. And so I go to the GP and I wait in the surgery and I see people around me and it makes me anxious and I can feel my heart racing and I can feel it pounding in my ears and I can feel fight or flight and there have been occasions when they have given me the wrong times for my appointments. I have had to go there and wait. Like, you know, I have arrived at 10 o'clock think that my appointment is at 10. And they say oh no, no, there was a mistake, sorry. Your appointment is actually at 10.40. So I have had to sit and wait and of course they don't call you at 10.40. So it's 10.50 something that I will be in and I am sitting there and I'm getting more and more anxious. Anyway so I made another appointment a month later and thought, let me see someone else. So I saw another GP and this was a GP that I'd seen at another practice before. And her style is, 'Let's get you in and get you out as soon as possible, is that okay, lovey? Good. What have you got, okay fine, medical certificate, right jolly good. Trying to find, how does this computer work?' And I was giving her IT classes in my, in the doctor's surgery. And I just thought well, you know what, this is obviously not the space for this and then she just said, 'Well thanks for the IT lesson' [Laughs]. And that was it. She gave me my certificate and I was gone.
So, I then made another appointment a month with another GP who was wonderful. She was wonderful. She’s an Arabic lady and she was just, she was everything I could have asked for. She had ears and she was looking at me, and she was not just hearing what I was saying, but she was actually looking to, you know, correlate what she was hearing with what she was seeing and asking me questions and, you know, she really was there, and the clock wasn’t there for her and she was really, and that was brilliant. It allowed me to get vulnerable without feeling that I was being weak and silly and she talked about it for me, with me, and she talked about the abuse and she talked about how it might feel for me and she talked about, you know, taking time out to get that, to get myself back together. She talked about the importance of recognising that before you can give to somebody else you really need to be right in yourself, and she was, we were talking about all of that. And I saw her for a couple of months and then she went away on leave, yeah, on leave.
So, I saw another GP who was a man and it was just by chance, but he was really brilliant. He went on the internet and he was downloading all this information on depression [laughs] and antidepressants and all of that, “Oh and I understand that your Father died.” And he was giving me all this information on bereavement and how to understand bereavement and what is it, you know, and how to maximise your grief so that you can get on with life and he was printing all this stuff and all of that and he was really, really brilliant. And then I went back and he was saying look if you need to talk to someone, come to the surgery, you may not have an appointment, but just come. Tell them that you want to come as an emergency and when all the appointments have gone you can just come in and then we can have a talk. And I thought that was so brilliant, but because I don’t like being in the surgery [shakes head] I never went.
And then I went back and he was on leave and so I saw the Arabic lady who was now just back from leave. She was changed. She was now changed. She was now, what I call post vacation syndrome, where you’re still really on vacation, you’re resentful that you had to come back, you were having a really, really good time. And gosh you know what, now you are back on the rat race, back on the treadmill and you don’t really want to be there. And so I asked her how her holiday was and she was talking to me about her vacation and talking to me about the importance of giving yourself realistic periods away, because if you have any less then three weeks, you don’t really have the chance to unwind and then prepare and she had a really brilliant time with her family, and [laughs] but she, yes, she just, her head just wasn’t there. It wasn’t there and it was kind of sad.
But then it meant that next appointment I had to see the original black GP again, but when I saw her this time, she was completely different. She was completely different and she was much softer and she was much, you know, and, and I just figured that maybe she is just prior to her leave, maybe she is just tired and worn out and it’s okay now, “Hey, come in how you like, I don’t really care. I so tired. I don’t mind [laughs]. Say what you want. What is it you are here about? Oh, okay good.” But that was really, really, brilliant and she was the one who did my prescription for the antidepressants and we talked about them. Because I explained that, you know, I have just this fear of dependency and so she explained about that and said that she would be monitoring it and talked about how I would take it and if I had any problems that I should go back. I’m due to make an appointment next week. So that we can go back at my three-week point. So that she can look at how it’s doing. And if I need to get another prescription at that point.
Yes, we also talked about when I am fine again, how I can get off, off them and how not to get off, off them. Don’t just stop them. So, we talked about that too. And, it was really, really productive, it was really, really. When I left, I really felt like buying her some flowers. If I’d had some money, I would have bought her some flowers and taken them back that day. It was, it was brilliant. Yes.
Not wanting to use services
Some people mentioned being reluctant to get help from services because they didn't trust professionals [see Mae above]. One woman didn't want to see an Educational Psychologist because she felt angry that she was perceived to be “the problem” and in need of treatment, not her family. She was also concerned about having a psychiatric diagnosis and whether that would make it difficult to get a job in the future.
A few people felt that the services they received didn't take their culture into account. They felt that more should be done to make services more attractive to people from Black and minority ethnic backgrounds, “I really do think that a lot has to be done to draw the Black people in who really do need help and aren't getting any”.
Jay says there was nothing for Black people at the day centre she attended.
Jay says there was nothing for Black people at the day centre she attended.
I think the, the experience of being part of the day service care in [the area] was discriminatory against women, against black people. There was nothing. I, I, I just, I went to the day centre and I just thought, 'Why am I here? There's nothing that interests me. There's nobody here who I can identify with. There's no activities that I'm vaguely interested in. There's nothing. So why am I here?' But, you know, I kept getting calls and, 'You've got to come, and you've got to come, and you've got to come.' And so I just kept going because I was told to go. And, you know, I was, I was in that mindset where I'd just do what people told me to do. Because I thought, 'Well, perhaps they know better.'
Devon reflects on why Black people don't want to use services and says the system needs to be...
Devon reflects on why Black people don't want to use services and says the system needs to be...
Ali says he didn't want to seek help because mental health is a taboo and because he was worried...
Ali says he didn't want to seek help because mental health is a taboo and because he was worried...
But anyways, since I've been here in my college, I came here to do my MSc at University of [name removed], and over there, there was quite a bit of awareness about mental issues. So I used to read all these pamphlets and this and that, depression, everyone suffers from depression, one in three persons feel anxiety blah blah blah. So, you know, that sort of made me a bit more confident about, 'Okay, so I'm not alone and, you know, it might not be such a taboo issue' and you know. But I didn't seek help back then.
It is hoped that new government programmes for mental health will improve access to services for minority ethnic communities, but the approach is questioned by many BME mental health campaigners and it is too early to tell whether it will be effective.
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