Recurrent Vulvovaginal Thrush
Prevention and changing daily practices
The people we spoke to often tried to identify factors that caused or worsened their thrush. Many then tried to stop thrush coming back or to reduce symptoms by making daily changes. This section covers:
- Personal care practices and product choices
- Sex and contraception (birth control)
- Clothing changes
- Diet, exercise, and stress
- Antibiotic use
Personal care practices and product choices
A doctor explains how to care for sensitive vulval skin
A doctor explains how to care for sensitive vulval skin
So, while part of thrush will be the specific treatments that are targeted against it, it's also worth thinking just slightly broadly about general things that can help the vulval skin and vaginal skin feel more comfortable because it is quite delicate skin at all times. And if it also kind of additionally to that being aggravated or irritated by the thrush, that you're experiencing or actually even sometimes by a reaction or irritation to things that you might be using to manage the thrush alongside it. So, like panty liners, often with fragrance in or kind of excessive washing or soaps, or even sometimes the creams themselves.
So, it's also important to think kind of generally about treating that delicate skin with some gentleness. So, washing with kind of plain water, being careful to avoid things that might be drying or quite irritant, so, bubble baths, perfumed soaps, things like that, that can maybe aggravate skin in general, but certainly kind of exacerbate already irritated skin, avoiding things that could be kind of traumatic to the skin, like steaming or douching particularly with chemicals or astringents. And then just like anywhere else on the body, if the skin is delicate and fragile, using something like a dermatological emollient. And I would ask for advice from your health care provider about which of these might be suitable or recommended for use, that can give kind of comfort and protection as well from dryness and irritation. And they can also help and can be used to wash with as well.
Personal care practices around bathing, vulva skin care, and menstruation were an important topic for many people we talked to.
Harry identified a “vicious cycle” where thrush made her feel “quite grubby” so “I feel like I just want to clean [the vulval area], and then the more you clean, the worse it gets”. Aditi would “doubly cleanse” to avoid being “dirty” but had also been told that she might be washing too often, making the skin dry and irritated.
Some people we talked to said that took a lot of care with bathing and products they used on or near the vulva and vagina. People avoided using ‘feminine washes’, shower gels, douches, soaps, bath bombs, and scented pads, scented panty liners, or wet wipes that could all trigger a flare-up. Beth and Jody said they look for soaps and lubricants without glycerine. Leah and Sasha were surprised when they first learnt that bathing products marketed as ‘intimate’ or ‘feminine’ washes could actually irritate the skin and lead to thrush.
After noticing that bathing products worsened her thrush symptoms, Leah stopped using them (read by an actor)
After noticing that bathing products worsened her thrush symptoms, Leah stopped using them (read by an actor)
Because it was recurring so often, they were like, “Mm, there’s something weird,” but then they were like, “don’t use bath bombs, don’t use shower...” you know, “don’t use intimate things.” Even that Femfresh wash apparently is supposed to be quite bad, do you know that feminine wash? Apparently, that’s not good for you either, but then they advertise it, don’t they, as being good for people who have thrush, so my GP was like, “Just use water, you know, don’t add anything to your bath,” and that’s what I’ve been doing.
Yeah, I suppose I don’t wear tights as much anymore, and like I say, just like the bath bombs and the shower gels and things, I don’t use around that area anymore, because again it... it just aggravates it and it’s just like throwing fat onto a fire, it just makes it worse, so I just... like I say, tights, I don’t really wear very often now, and just like I say, bath soaps, bath bombs, things like that, I’m very careful with now. And it’s a shame because obviously it’s so nice to have a bath in the winter with all like bath oils and stuff, and like I say, I can’t do that now really.
Imani found that her symptoms were triggered by a scented shower gel (read by an actor)
Imani found that her symptoms were triggered by a scented shower gel (read by an actor)
I can say maybe I think I didn’t realise that it was triggered with the soap which I was using, the shower gels and soap with the perfume, so I was just going to the pharmacy and buying the over-the-counter creams, and the moment you keep on using this shower gel, I think that why it was really occurring more often because I didn’t know, but when I visited the clinic, that’s when I realised that it was triggered with the soap which I was using and the shower gel.
Drying off thoroughly after having a bath or shower was also important to Marie whose gynaecologist recommended using a hairdryer. Nysha and Marie also changed towels more often.
Marie explained her post-bathing routine to prevent thrush.
Marie explained her post-bathing routine to prevent thrush.
I don't use the same towel more than once or twice, whether I... and one gynaecologist who I saw suggested that when I get out the shower I dry the area with a... a hairdryer rather than using a towel because he said it’s just... it’s just better for the tissues, so yeah, I've done that as well, so I'm just really fanatical about how I dry because if you've got an active infection and you pass it to the towel, and you use the towel, it gives you it back, so I'm fanatical about that.
Emollients (lotions, moisturisers, and ointments that form a film on the skin) could be applied to the vulva to soothe and hydrate the skin, making it healthier. Emollients are available at pharmacies and people used them as soap substitute, daily moisturiser, and barrier cream. Harry, Beth and Lydia, found them very helpful in reliving dryness and itching. They used them daily, not just when thrush flared-up. Chloe found vaginal moisturisers improved her vulval skin health and allowed her to be more comfortable during activities. Moisturising the skin also helped avoid scratching which the people we spoke to said caused more irritation.
Lydia explained how she used emollients as a soap substitute and barrier cream.
Lydia explained how she used emollients as a soap substitute and barrier cream.
Around the vulva area I've always been quite sensitive and always avoided any sort of soaps, so that’s sort of when I... when I was younger. I... now I wash with the Hydromol ointment that I've washed with for years, probably six, seven years now I've washed with that and I find that that helps me, and there’s lots of things I do in order to reduce irritations: so I wear cotton knickers, a lot of them being white; I don't have any baths; I use Hydromol, I put Hydromol on first as a sort of ...to act as a barrier before I wash my hair, and soap is going down my body.
Many people found that thrush flared-up around their menstrual cycle. Some people noted that they also washed more during this time. Beth more frequently changed period products in the hope it might avoid thrush. Georgia had tried different brands of tampons and pads, but didn’t find it made a difference.
Contraception (birth control)
There seemed to be a link between types of contraceptives and thrush for some people. Beth Sarah found that her symptoms worsened after getting the coil and then went away when her coil was removed. Hannah’s doctor said there wasn’t a link between thrush and a coil, but that there might be another connecting factor, such as irritation from sperm.
Recurrent thrush affected Julia’s decisions around birth control options (read by an actor)
Recurrent thrush affected Julia’s decisions around birth control options (read by an actor)
I am getting really anxious about getting the coil on Wednesday because I’m anxious that that will exacerbate the problem and the... the fact that... that the... there’s kind of at least anecdotal evidence out there that suggests that the copper coil... causes... or exacerbates thrush, has meant that I’ve delayed getting it for... I’ve delayed getting it since I took... since the little one was born, so three years I’ve kind of put it off, and put it off because I don’t want to be in this situation where I’m already getting it every other month and I don’t want to get in this situation where it’s even worse.
So, the thrush has affected my decision to get the coil because on the copper coil you can have more thrush, but I’m actually getting it because I can’t use any other birth control because I just can’t use the hormonal stuff. So, I went... so I’m getting it on Wednesday, and for my pre-coil appointment I went to the GP and I said, you know, “I’ve heard it causes more thrush, and I have recurrent thrush,” and they were just like, “Don’t worry about it,” and that was all I got really, “you’ll be fine,” and I don’t think I will, I think I’ll just get recurrent thrush and then they can take it out, but I’ll try, because it is just thrush, isn’t it, and they don’t really... I don’t really feel it’s taken seriously.
Other people felt that the birth control pill contributed to recurrent thrush. Emily’s doctor brought up a connection between the pill changing the pH levels in the vagina which could cause thrush, whereas Anna’s doctors had said there wasn’t any link. There is some evidence that suggests that hormonal birth control increases the likelihood of recurrent thrush.
Emily’s doctor suggested that the birth control pill increased the likelihood of recurrent thrush.
Emily’s doctor suggested that the birth control pill increased the likelihood of recurrent thrush.
My doctor linked it to being on the pill, which is quite common apparently because your pH changes in the vagina when you're on the pill, and when you're starting your period, so on the off days I had it when I wasn't on the pill, which is quite common, I think. So yeah, I thought, ‘oh great,’ but stayed on the pill, stuck with it, had about two infections this year of thrush, and they were confirmed as thrush, because I got them tested each time with the GP.
When thinking about contraceptives, Anna, Julia and Beth Sarah talked about weighing up the risks of thrush with avoiding unplanned pregnancy. Although she had heard about a link to thrush, Emily did not want to change her contraception and so decided to stick with taking the pill even if it increased the risk of thrush.
Clothing changes
The people we spoke to found that certain clothes such as tights or jeans would cause their thrush to flare-up or make their symptoms worse. Aditi tends now to wear looser fitting clothes. Emily and Chloe found it helpful to change out of workout clothes quickly.
Wearing cotton underwear was common advice to prevent thrush. The people we spoke to often found it helpful to avoid thongs and synthetic materials, and to not wear underwear to sleep. Lydia stopped wearing any underwear at all for a while. KJ sometimes changed underwear multiple times a day.
Sometimes advice around clothing could feel like blaming individuals or trivialising the situation.
Billie expressed frustration that clothing recommendations did not feel like “medical advice”.
Billie expressed frustration that clothing recommendations did not feel like “medical advice”.
I also find the NHS and some medical advice, for me, doesn't feel like medical advice: like on the NHS website it says that you should not wear tight clothes, I'm like, ‘well, that doesn't feel like medical advice,’ and I also don't think that’s appropriate to start telling people what... to an extent, start telling people what they should wear when they're not actually then equipped with maybe the right research or the right resources to solve the root of the problem, it’s almost like you're putting the onus on the patient to be like, ‘well, you're wearing tight jeans so it’s your fault,’ and I feel like that isn't medical advice.
Having to change their clothing choices was upsetting to some people, especially those who felt they could no longer dress in ways that expressed their gender identity.
Ella found clothing adjustments helped physically but were difficult emotionally.
Ella found clothing adjustments helped physically but were difficult emotionally.
So, I use a lot of preventative stuff: I think my main kind of daily stuff that I do to prevent thrush coming on is that I now no longer wear pants or underwear at all, and I no longer wear trousers at all, which for me is really weird. I've been very tomboy-ish all my life, so it’s been a very painful thing to realise that I don't really have a choice, because even with my bamboo underwear, which I've been using for years, I still have... I still get it, I still get thrush. So, I just decided to abandon underwear all together on the basis that we know that moulds, yeasts, whatever, like warm, sweaty, dark, you know all that, so I just... I'm trying to go with quite... quite common-sense kind of attitude of, ‘right, abandon the underwear,’ and spent a fortune on dresses and skirts, I feel like... I don't feel like myself in dresses and skirts but I feel like it’s that or the... the suffering really, so that’s kind of... those are some of my major changes that I've done.
Some people were also careful about the laundry detergents they used and avoided scented ones.
Diet, exercise, and stress
Ella, Jody, Emily, Hannah and Ayesha found it helpful to reduce sugar, alcohol, and yeast-containing foods and drinks from their diets. Nancy followed the ‘Candida diet’ and found this helpful, but was disappointed that doctors did not always support this approach. Ella, Nysha, and Sasha found it important to drink lots of water to stay hydrated. Others, like Emma and Leah, found no improvement when they changed their diets.
Anna found cutting sugar and starch from her diet helpful, but difficult to maintain (read by an actor)
Anna found cutting sugar and starch from her diet helpful, but difficult to maintain (read by an actor)
I cut out sugar and it did get better, but I couldn’t stick to it. I cut out sugar multiple times for like a few weeks or a month and I would start... if I was like busy, I would just cut out like actual sugar, well, what I would call like real sugar, like chocolate cake, biscuits, fun stuff, but a couple of times I cut out like fruit, bread, there was some sort of vague idea that I should cut out gluten, so I tried that, I don’t know how much... I tried to cut out sort of all... like all sort of refined sugar and... but then that was wild, I got this terrible headache, I lost a shit ton [of weight].
I live... I've always lived quite a changeable life: I go from project to project, I work like... I go from working 15 hours a day to not working at all, like currently I'm working six days a week and then in three weeks I'll be unemployed, and so like planning meals in that... and especially in my 20s when I was like climbing up the career ladder and I was also on like 23K a year, someone saying, “Oh, you can't eat potatoes, pasta and rice,” I was like, “Well, what the fuck am I going to eat then because I get home at 11pm and I leave the house at 8am and I just want the a bowl of pasta.
Sai was not sure if removing sugar from her diet made a difference.
Sai was not sure if removing sugar from her diet made a difference.
Other thing... another thing that I read and my gynaecologist also confirmed was if you have a lot of [inaudible], she just said yes to it, but she said if your diet and like a food intake has a lot of sugar in it, there are... there are higher chances... like you can contract... contract the thrush infection more often than not, so if you can reduce... because I had a very... I used to have a lot of sweets, so I have a lot of sugar, a lot, lot of sugar, so I was asked to reduce my sugar intake too, so to... as to just control the infection maybe a bit and see if it works. And I don't have a definitive answer if it worked or no because I used to still get recurrent episodes, but again just reducing sugar was a good idea just in general, so I started doing that.
Harry worried about starting a restrictive diet, and the impact it could have on an already difficult relationship with food and body image.
Harry worried about starting a restrictive diet, and the impact it could have on an already difficult relationship with food and body image.
I'd signed up to some like chat forums. At one point I looked at doing the low candida diet. I've looked at all sorts of things; I mean the theories out there are wild. I don't know... sure... I'm not sure how many of them are accurate, but I did genuinely consider changing my diet to see if that would help, and as someone who... I've had a very interesting relationship with foods throughout my life, it’s probably not a good idea for me to do that, but you know when you get to that point of desperation you're like, ‘I just want something to fix this because I can't keep living how I'm living,’ so I've looked into a few.
Increasing the amount of probiotics (good bacteria) taken through food was important to Ella, who made their own kombucha and kefir. Others ate more yoghurt or took over-the-counter probiotic supplements, which Emma found helped a lot.
Stress, working long hours and being “worn down” were also thought to be contributing factors for Emily, KJ, Georgia, and Sai. Anna described there a vicious cycle of combining factors which made her more likely to get thrush: “as soon as I’m stressed, I start eating like bucket loads of processed sugar, so I also think that probably is not helpful”.
Some people found that physical activity and exercise aggravated their thrush. Georgia and Leah found cycling was a trigger for thrush, and Chloe and Lydia avoided swimming because they found the chlorine in the water caused flare-ups. You can read more here about the impact of thrush on social life, sports, and hobbies.
Antibiotic use
Antibiotics were often identified by people as a trigger for thrush. Georgia, Rowan, Ayesha, and Zoya, amongst others, had thrush after completing courses of antibiotics for urinary tract infections (UTIs). Marie had taken antibiotics for acne and a dental abscess, which had also resulted in thrush. Some people took recurrent thrush tablets after finishing a course of antibiotics to prevent thrush.
Georgia was hesitant to take antibiotics because of the chances of thrush (read by an actor)
Georgia was hesitant to take antibiotics because of the chances of thrush (read by an actor)
I haven’t had to take antibiotics since that first... since I took them for a UTI that... and then got thrush as a result, and that’s only happened to me once, but I would be like reluctant to take antibiotics again unless I... I think there was one time I had like a... a really... I had like an infection on my foot, and it was like really swollen, and I went to the walk-in clinic and the person I saw there said like, “mm, it’s kind of borderline, like it’s probably just going to sort itself out, but like I could give you a course of antibiotics if you wanted?” and I was like, “Ah, no thank you, I don’t want the side effects of that,” so that definitely made my decision for me then, and if I need antibiotics again, I’d definitely be a bit... it would definitely make me think more about... because I just would assume that I’ll probably get thrush as a result because I seem to get it, you know, it seems to happen to me very easily, so yeah.
Making lifestyle changes could often offer some relief, but they did not always resolve the issue. Julia found it frustrating that, “no matter what I do, at that time of the month it (thrush) comes, whether I’m eating sugar or wearing leggings or anything”. While daily changes were helpful for many, some people needed further treatment (See Medications and Longer-term prescriptions).
Nysha was unsure why the thrush would not “shift” despite her lifestyle changes.
Nysha was unsure why the thrush would not “shift” despite her lifestyle changes.
It wouldn't shift it and I was thinking, ‘why is it still holding on to it when we're trying to treat it?’ and, like I said, in my head I'm thinking ‘I'm doing everything I can, I've switched and I've literally stopped wearing thongs and anything like that’, and just went to good old practical, as we like to call them ‘granny panties’ and just kept it simple, I thought, ‘well, I'm not using any soap in any intimate areas, I'm not using...’ Femfresh, that’s what I was thinking of, ‘I'm not using the Femfresh wash anymore, I'm simply using water, I'm changing my towel a lot more frequently than I was,’ because I was just trying to do as much as I could just to try and eliminate it.
Copyright © 2024 University of Oxford. All rights reserved.