Feeding a baby while living with HIV
Experiences of formula feeding while living with HIV
Many of the mothers we spoke with had formula fed their babies. This was usually because they wanted to remove all risk of HIV for their babies, and the most recent UK BHIVA (British HIV Association) guidelines on infant feeding and HIV recommend formula feeding as the safest option. However, there were many different factors that women thought about during this process of decision-making and subsequently formula feeding their babies.
This section describes women’s experiences of obtaining and using formula milk to feed their babies. We cover the following topics:
- Practicalities of formula feeding
- Emotions while formula feeding
- Where to get formula milk
- Financial costs of formula feeding
Please note that the BHIVA guidelines on pregnancy and infant feeding with HIV are updated regularly, based on the latest available research. Some aspects of previous recommendations can become out of date, and therefore it is always advisable to look up the most up-to-date guidelines and recommendations.
Practicalities of formula feeding
The women we spoke with shared a wide range of experiences of formula feeding; the decision to formula feed was easier for some than others. Sandra had always planned to use formula as she found it convenient and easier to manage in public. Fatima wanted to formula feed to remove all risk of HIV transmission. Other women had not been sure during their pregnancies but decided to formula feed around the time they gave birth.
April was diagnosed during her most recent pregnancy, and although she had breastfed her two older children, she decided she would formula feed her third baby to remove all risk from HIV. Women with African or Asian heritage or family sometimes discussed how the conversations around infant feeding and HIV were quite different in the UK versus ‘back home.’ In particular, in African and Asian countries, new mothers with HIV are advised to breastfeed (World Health Organisation 2016), which is in contrast to the advice given in the UK. A few women, like Layla, commented on having to make sense of these seemingly contradictory messages, as she knew mothers with HIV were advised to breastfeed in her country of origin. Layla had considered breastfeeding but decided to formula feed both her babies.
April discussed her decision to formula feed her youngest baby, even though her sister-in-law in Tanzania is HIV positive and breastfeeding (played by an actor).
April discussed her decision to formula feed her youngest baby, even though her sister-in-law in Tanzania is HIV positive and breastfeeding (played by an actor).
I wanted to protect my baby I felt the stage, once you’re undetectable is a small chance that you can pass it on, but for me I decide I don’t want to, I don’t want to take any risks, that’s why I went for bottle.
I have got my sister-in-law who is positive so when I talk to her she’s the one who told me that over there they can breastfeed [for the first three months] and the people that she knows they are all okay, I mean the children, they’re okay after being breastfed but I said I went to the, I don’t know how it works, I mean it might be working for the people and it might not work for others.
Beyond concerns about HIV transmission, Maya spoke about a wide range of practical benefits when it came to formula feeding, such as an opportunity for partners to share responsibility and bond with the baby. That said, making up bottles and the extra planning that formula feeding requires can be a learning process for women (and/or their partners). New parenthood is exhausting and having to prepare formula feeds while also recovering from childbirth can be a struggle. For example, Danai found formula feeding her twins after having a caesarean delivery difficult and was grateful that her husband was able to help. Some women, like Emma, also recalled being helped by their medical team while they were on the maternity ward.
April found making up the bottles difficult at first (played by an actor).
April found making up the bottles difficult at first (played by an actor).
Now it’s okay, I’m used to it, but to start with it was a bit challenging and, you know, when you bottle feed you have to prepare the bottle and clean them, clean them out, making the milk, you have to get up in the middle of the night to go and make milk. But it was really hard to start with but things are getting better.
In the early days after birth, Danai found preparing formula feed difficult, especially at night.
In the early days after birth, Danai found preparing formula feed difficult, especially at night.
Yeah for first time yeah I can say for taking this decision for formula feeding it was not easy, not to wake up do milk every three hours, two hours, three hours I was supposed to wake up and do milk, yeah it was not easy for me I was struggling until I healed. For a man to do milk, you are supposed to show him how to measure water or to do this but he learnt fast, my husband learnt fast, I was not doing anything by those first days but, you know, I was feeling the tiredness of things just because he was cooking, cleaning the house, doing many things for me then after that looking after babies, you know, so he was supportive, yeah it was okay.
While Emma was on the maternity ward, her medical team showed her how to formula feed.
While Emma was on the maternity ward, her medical team showed her how to formula feed.
At first, I was terrified because I’d never done it before, ever, and I thought I was gonna get it all wrong and, it was just scary but after a couple of days yeah it just came naturally, it was absolutely fine.
That’s really good to hear were you given like any support on how to do it or any advice?
Yeah in the hospital, some of the nurses came round and showed me what to do, yeah told me how to do it bits and bobs.
Maya’s baby took time to adjusting to formula milk. At one point she wondered if it had caused him health issues, such as eczema, but then he got better and put on “a good amount of weight.”
We also spoke to two fathers about their thoughts on infant feeding. Stephen’s partner, Holly, was pregnant with their first child and Edward’s partner, Marella, was pregnant with their second child (their older child was two years old). Both couples were considering breastfeeding their babies. In fact, Marella explained that she had not felt confident enough to consider breastfeeding their older child (the UK guidelines on infant feeding had been the same at the time) but she felt differently now.
Marella had reviewed the same BHIVA guidelines, in 2018, when she was pregnant with her 2-year old but had decided against breastfeeding. She feels differently now.
Marella had reviewed the same BHIVA guidelines, in 2018, when she was pregnant with her 2-year old but had decided against breastfeeding. She feels differently now.
I think I remember my doctor sort of asking if I’d thought about it. And I was very much like no, not doing it, no way. I think I was, I was probably more headstrong and I just wasn’t, I wasn’t even considering it because, for me, at that time, the thought and the risk of transmission like outweighed any sort of desire I had and I was already like, you know, paranoid first mum and I didn’t really know what I was doing. Didn’t know how this would be and I was quite like okay with that decision.
Now obviously I’m pregnant again and I think guidelines, how I previously read the guidelines as to when I read them now, I didn’t—I think I am probably reading the same guidelines and there’s more behind it. My opinion has changed now. Whereas obviously before I was dead like certain that I would not now I’m actually considering it like quite shocking my change in mind-set considering it for this baby that I’m pregnant with. So and that’s been a two year yeah, two year gap.
See more about fathers' and partners' experiences here.
Emotions while formula feeding
There are many opinions about breastfeeding and formula feeding (see more detail in Choosing between breastfeeding and formula feeding) which can impact on women and birthing parents’ feelings about their feeding choices. The women we spoke with had a range of emotional reactions to formula feeding. A few women like Marcy wondered whether formula feeding would affect bonding with their babies. Rachel had wanted to breastfeed but had lactation issues so was advised not to, which was emotionally difficult for her. Maya was fine with formula feeding but found choosing formula milk difficult as her and her partner received mixed advice from loved ones about which brand was best.
Some women thought about how their feeding choices might have influenced how well they had bonded with their babies.
We also heard from women that bonding was possible in many other ways, not just via breastfeeding. For example, cuddling and making skin-to-skin contact, as well as being responsive to babies’ needs and talking to them often helps babies feel safe and secure. Sinead and Sandra both formula fed their babies and felt they had no problems bonding with them.
During her pregnancy, Stephanie had decided to breastfeed for one month and formula feed after that. However, when the time came, she switched to formula feeding after a few days when she got cracked nipples. She felt okay about this, as she’d always known she would switch if there was a problem.
Other women such as Gracelove also told us about their experience of transitioning from breastfeeding to formula feeding.
Being exhausted is common in new parenthood. Sterilising equipment, preparing feeds, and then bottle feeding the baby can be hard work. Negative attitudes towards formula feeding may be worse if women feel they were denied the opportunity to breastfed their baby. Nozipho had been planning to breastfeed, but confusion and miscommunication in the maternity ward led to her baby being formula fed (see Choosing between breastfeeding and formula feeding), she described the effort of having to sit upright and hold the bottle in a fixed position while feeding, which was especially difficult during the night.
Nozipho found formula feeding difficult, especially during night-time feeds.
Nozipho found formula feeding difficult, especially during night-time feeds.
To be honest like I went through a phase where I hated it, because I wake up in the mornin- at night and he, you know like you feel like when you’re breastfeeding you just take your baby and put them in your boobs and you don’t feel the pressure of having to. Because you’re holding a bottle, and you’re tired, you, for me I hated it in the first few months because of that reason. Because at night you couldn’t just have like a night where because with bottle feed you have to be careful. Are they choking? And afterwards you have to, what do you call it? Burp them. Not sure if you breastfeed you burp. But you have to burp them and things like that and it was you know, I hated it.
People living with HIV sometimes wish to keep their diagnosis private or only share with a few trusted people. When a mother or birthing parent formula feeds their baby, it can raise suspicion about her health. This was a recurring concern among the women we spoke with. Amy and Tina both worried about their loved ones asking why they were formula feeding and had prepared their responses. For example, Tina would tell them it was because her twins were born early. Even Sasha, who is open about her HIV status, felt frustrated by people at her mum-and-baby groups who were asking her why she wasn’t breastfeeding.
Amy's baby is of African heritage and suspected her partner’s family would ask her why she was not breastfeeding (played by an actor).
Amy's baby is of African heritage and suspected her partner’s family would ask her why she was not breastfeeding (played by an actor).
It’s a very natural thing to just want to feed the baby and obviously in the African community you need to breastfeed so it was preparing myself for the questions of “why aren’t you breastfeeding”, “why are you formula feeding”, and having a story ready that was my big like thing of having a story to just shut everybody up and leave me alone kind of thing because obviously we’re not gonna be talking about the diagnosis with the family and stuff like that. I remember the build up to having the baby I was panicking about those questions, and they do like to question you a lot yeah.
Regardless of my feelings of wanting to breast feed I, I couldn’t outweigh that risk potentially to her. It was kind of a non-decision really it’s just one that’s kind of automatically, obviously if I was in a position where I was in the country where I didn’t have access to clean things and I couldn’t formula feed safely that’s a different conversation but I, yeah I didn’t feel like it was a choice, it was like just wrap your head around it and get on with it kind of thing.
Some women felt less pressure to explain their feeding choices. Women had different views about breastfeeding and how others might respond, based on cultural heritage and the social expectations. Sinead is White and never felt any pressure to explain her choices but wondered if people judged her. In contrast to several other women of Black African ethnicity, Maya said she was not worried about being judged or that formula feeding would raise suspicions within her community. Amina, a South Asian woman who was pregnant, described a cultural expectation to breastfeed. However, she believed there was a generational difference, and young mothers these days were less likely to draw attention if they formula fed their babies.
Sinead wondered what the people around her thought about her not breastfeeding, but never felt pressured.
Sinead wondered what the people around her thought about her not breastfeeding, but never felt pressured.
I’ve not had any actual comments or people kind of asking why I’m formula feeding or yeah or questioning it really. wouldn’t say though that I haven’t felt like not under pressure but I think there is a kind of pressure out there for breastfeeding and I think that there is somebody that I met more recently who’s part of a massive breastfeeding network and promoting breastfeeding and she helps people with it and we were having a conversation and she knew because that I bottle fed baby and she wasn’t asking me or even saying anything, she was actually being more like “but it doesn’t work for everybody and that’s okay.” You could see that she was trying to be like, you know, “as much as I want people to do it and I try and help people to do it, I’m not judging people who are not doing it.”
All the women we interviewed were pregnant or had given birth during the Covid-19 pandemic between April 2021 and January 2022. Some women gave birth when national lockdowns were in place. This meant they had no visitors, which relieved some of the pressures to explain why they were formula feeding. Some had told their loved ones that they had been breastfeeding before but had since weaned their babies onto formula.
Sherry gave birth during the 2020 Covid pandemic lockdown so she did not have many visitors who might ask her why she wasn’t breastfeeding.
Sherry gave birth during the 2020 Covid pandemic lockdown so she did not have many visitors who might ask her why she wasn’t breastfeeding.
Yeah, there was not enough people, there was no visitor, baby was not at home, he, baby was in the hospital for three weeks. He came home, coronavirus no visiting, no, no nobody can get close to the baby, so they don’t even know when I’m feeding him. They don’t know somebody was around it when I’m feeding him. When they grow on year and before starting, the family starting, meeting, friends start meeting and they don’t even know if I feed or not, if I bottle feed or if I because before one year he’s not even taking bottle anymore.
So, it didn’t even go there. Like I said, it’s how you, it’s how you prepare yourself, it’s how you move yourself, it’s how you, what you give people that’s what they believe. You don’t have to lie. It’s the way you go around things. Do you understand? Even though there was visitor in, I’m about to feed my baby, I come here “Five mins, I’ll be back.” You don’t know what I came to do.
Women who formula fed their babies also came up with some strategies to respond to questions about their choices. Some of the women’s medical teams gave them tips. Joyce told a couple of people that pregnancy affected her body in a way that prevented breastfeeding. When Camille’s friend commented that she had never seen her breastfeed, a mutual friend, who knows Camille’s HIV status, pretended that she had seen Camille breastfeed to prevent suspicion.
Sherry disliked breastfeeding and had formula fed her older children. She formula fed her youngest child as well, and had strategies explain why she did not breastfeed.
Sherry disliked breastfeeding and had formula fed her older children. She formula fed her youngest child as well, and had strategies explain why she did not breastfeed.
There’s a way to go around it like I said. Go and feed your baby, want to go and feed your baby, you’re feeding it with bottle feed, you don’t say, ‘oh I don’t feed my baby when people are here, ‘oh give him breast’, ‘oh don’t worry he will take bottle’ and you know he’s taking bottle. He take water at that particular time, you know, if it’s something. It was only one of a friend that always came here, it was close to my house and said, “Oh my God I’ve never seen you breastfeed this baby,”’ and I said “Oh my God do you wanna see my breast?” It was just a joke, I say, “You wanna see my breast
or something? This is my breast.” I pulled down my breast. She was laughing and we just talk about it and that’s it and I even give it to baby, baby was so small then. I give it baby and baby didn’t want it, didn’t take it [laughs]. So, I said, “You see, I’m not selfish with him”, but he will just take it because I didn’t teach him, he wasn’t at home, he was in the hospital.
Joyce felt a societal pressure to breastfeed but had developed strategies to explain why she was not breastfeeding.
Joyce felt a societal pressure to breastfeed but had developed strategies to explain why she was not breastfeeding.
You know, the society we live in most people around me like my church members, they wonder why I don’t breastfeed. Anyway, I don’t really keep friends because I don’t want people to, you know, to keep asking me a lot of questions, what if they keep prying, they kept asking me why don’t you breastfeed and since I don’t want, I don’t want to disclose my status with them I just told one or two person that I have this condition that whenever I’m pregnant and that for real this black stuff that affects me, my whole boobs, my nipple area is very black and falling off so I can’t breastfeed my baby so it’s such, yeah so I just have to put up that story.
That’s the reason why I bottle feed. And bottle feeding, formula feeding, yeah, it’s really good and it’s helping me so far so good so and I missed out breastfeeding, but all the same I don’t have any reason to complain, I’m just grateful to God that at least I’m able to have kids and for my feed them and they’re doing well so that’s it.
Where to get formula milk
In some areas there is free formula milk for families with HIV. However, access to this is inconsistent and it varies between clinics and regions, which can be confusing and frustrating. Medical staff, community midwives and health workers might be unaware or misinformed about how to access free formula milk and who is eligible for it.
An HIV charity gave Sinead formula milk for both her children. She found about this from her clinic. Emily got hers from her HIV clinic, but Amy was not offered any. A few women, like Diablos, were incorrectly told they could get free formula through a GP prescription, but when they went to their GP practice, they did not know of the scheme. Eventually Diablos got free formula from a local HIV clinic, having spent the first few weeks buying her own.
Sinead chose to formula feed both of her babies, and each time she received formula milk through a local HIV organisation.
Sinead chose to formula feed both of her babies, and each time she received formula milk through a local HIV organisation.
So, yeah it was like last time around, it was much more I would go and meet the support worker and collect the milk whether it be from the office itself or sometimes it would be from the clinic if we were kind of coincided at the time. And that was every four weeks or every month, you’d pick up four cartons of formula. This time around because of Covid, it’s not been as easy to do that and then obviously we went into lockdown at the end of last year so milk, she’s actually been getting it delivered to me this time around. I did meet up with her like two or three times kind of in the period just after baby was born and yeah I met up with her a couple of times at, at HIV clinic to hand it over but then since it’s just been getting posted out to me.
She did, now, now that I come to think of it. When I first went back, when I first met the support worker the first time around, she did ask me if I wanted to get involved with peer support stuff and do get involved with the charity work that they do but because my partner and I don’t, we’re not, we’re got very few people that know about our diagnosis, it’s like very close family and a couple of friends on each side. I decided not to just because yeah, not that you don’t know who you’re gonna meet but I also work in the voluntary sector so I’m much more likely to see people I know, so that was another reason I didn’t really get involved in the charity side of things as well so yeah.
Sasha was confused by different information about whether she should bring in her own formula or whether she would get it at hospital for free.
Sasha was confused by different information about whether she should bring in her own formula or whether she would get it at hospital for free.
No-one, one person was saying oh you need to provide the milk and one person was saying you don’t so I said well do I need to provide the milk or don’t I need to provide the milk so which one is it, because with [daughter] they gave it to me on the ward. And then my friends were like yeah, yeah you have to take milk with you, I was like but I’ve never had to take the milk in and if I’m not allowed to breastfeed then that’s not my fault, so the ward should be providing the milk while you’re on the ward. So, the consultant was saying “yeah, yeah we give you milk” and then the midwife’s and that said “no, no you have to take it”. So I was just like I’ll pack a box just in case, so I packed a box and actually they did give me milk because I had my own and I used my own at first but because they kept me in longer than I expected, no they didn’t keep me longer than expected - no-one could answer the question, so I’d only taken one box and [fiancé] wasn’t allowed back in the ward, he was allowed in there for one hour, 9 ‘o’ clock in the morning but he was not allowed in the ward, so he couldn’t even bring me supplies. So then I said to them I’ve got no milk left, they said, “oh it’s alright we’ve got loads, I was like oh so you don’t have to bring milk in”, she says “no, what made you think that”, I was like well because nobody knew whether you had to bring milk or not”, I was like “I don’t know what I’m meant to do”. So, there’s a lot, there’s still quite a lot of issues within the feeding world and with just having a baby in general.
Diablos was incorrectly told to get a GP prescription for formula milk.
Diablos was incorrectly told to get a GP prescription for formula milk.
So when I was home, and I was having this difficulty with the GP, I had to phone them, because she had given me her number and said anywhere you have any problems, just call me. And I did, when I did she phoned, she said “Okay, leave it with me I’ll call you a GP” and you know, it was a, it was a team of people. I spoke with several team of people in that office, I don’t know where. They helped me eventually, the GP had told me It’s time to take my milk. It was a struggle, it was a struggle. Because the GP wanted to prove, proof of who told you, you can do that, and I had to like, lucky I had the number. If I didn’t, I don’t know what I was going to do.
Financial costs of formula feeding
Formula feeding comes with additional financial costs that breastfeeding does not have. Covering cost of formula milk, sterilising equipment and bottles can be difficult for some. Although some HIV clinics and charities in the UK provide free formula milk to mothers and families with HIV, it is not consistently available across the UK. This means that some women who formula fed their babies (or were planning to, if pregnant) had to find money for this themselves. Amy and her partner bought their own formula, which was a financial burden.
Amy was not offered free formula which was a struggle for her and her family (played by an actor).
Amy was not offered free formula which was a struggle for her and her family (played by an actor).
It takes a while for the student finance stuff to sort itself out and then for Universal Credit to admit that I don’t have any funds for you until they got the notification. So I had no access to any money for about three or four months and we were nearly made homeless because obviously I couldn’t pay rent we couldn’t buy food we relied on charities for food, it was hard and obviously then trying to get ready for a baby plus then obviously getting her formula and, and things like that it, yeah it would have been beneficial to know that that was taken care of given that it wasn’t really my choice. It’s nice to know there are things out there like that but there’s just nothing around this area for any kind of support at all. I think it’s more in London which I’m outside of, so yeah, I think they should extend that a little bit.
However, others like Pauline, Veronica and Gracelove received support - either free formula milk or vouchers to cover the cost of formula feeding. For many of the women we spoke to, this support was vital in being able to feed their babies. In fact, a couple of women suggested they might have breastfed if they had not received this support.
Gracelove had breastfed for four months and was thinking about shifting to formula feeding, in preparation for introducing her baby to solids. Her HIV doctor asked her about how she felt about formula feeding, and Gracelove told them she was worried about the costs, as she was on Universal Credit. The HIV clinic offered her free formula milk, which eased her financial worries.
If Joyce’s HIV clinic had not referred her to an HIV charity that gives her formula milk for free, thinks she would have stuck to breastfeeding.
If Joyce’s HIV clinic had not referred her to an HIV charity that gives her formula milk for free, thinks she would have stuck to breastfeeding.
Oh, yes for, until the baby is a year so you can imagine what it would have been like without support, you know, if there was no support, I bet maybe most of us would stick to breastfeeding, you know.
In some situations, the support available may be insufficient, as for Tina, who needed a special, more expensive formula for her twins.
Tina’s twins were premature and needed a special type of formula milk. Because it costs more than standard formula, her clinic was only able to supply her with it for a few months.
Tina’s twins were premature and needed a special type of formula milk. Because it costs more than standard formula, her clinic was only able to supply her with it for a few months.
Yeah sure so the boys unfortunately had really bad reflux since birth really probably because of their prematurity and so we not in the hospital, well I say hospital, when we came home we quickly transitioned from the premature formula onto an anti-reflux formula which is fairly costly at £14 a tub. So, we’ve just been buying it but our local, well my clinic offer, so they either offer a years’ worth of formula you know, bought by them or I think it was three months of donor breastmilk per baby. So the formula they have access to is a sort of standard formula so had the boys been able to tolerate that formula we would have got a years’ worth for both babies from them which is just incredible however because they’re on the anti-reflux formula and it’s so much more expensive even at cost price to them they managed to get us enough, I think it lasted a couple of months which, you know, is, it’s still a big chunk of money that they used to give us some formula. So that was, that was really nice and you know, as I said we just bought the rest.
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