Making decisions about knee replacement as an older person with multiple conditions

Recovering from surgery as the months go on alongside other health conditions

It can take up to a year to recover fully from knee replacement surgery, especially when people have other long term health conditions which affect their recovery. Total knee replacement surgery usually takes longer to recover from than partial knee replacement. Whilst recovery can continue for some time, there is often an indication of whether a knee replacement has been successful or not for someone by 6 months. This is why we spoke to people in the study again about 6 months after they had had knee surgery. This section covers:

  • Follow-up appointments
  • Mobility, knee function and flexibility
  • Ongoing physiotherapy and exercises
  • Knee pain and swelling
  • Return to driving
  • New health priorities during recovery

Follow-up appointments

A follow-up appointment usually takes place with the orthopaedic surgeon about six to eight weeks after knee replacement surgery. The follow-up appointment usually involves a check of the function and movement of the new knee including the ability to bend it. Some people we talked to had an X-ray taken.

At Stuart’s follow-up appointment the consultant checked how his recovery was progressing including the movement of his knee.

At Stuart’s follow-up appointment the consultant checked how his recovery was progressing including the movement of his knee.

Age at interview: 79
Sex: Male
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After a month I had to go back to the [hospital] for them to check it. The physio looked at it and she said, “Oh yeah, not too bad at all. I don’t even want to see you again.”

Then after that it was, God when was it now? Perhaps it was six weeks I had to go back to the consultant.  I went in there on this one stick and she put me in a room, put me on a bed.

She said, "can you bend your knee?" And I bent my knee. And she said, “Oh that’s very good.”

And you know she put, measured the knee bend to see if everything was okay. Checked it, looked at the scars and she said, “Yeah, you’ve done, we don’t want to see you again.”

But when I got the pamphlet with all the stuff in it, she did say to me, “You’ll be under us for six months.”

Toby was discharged from the physiotherapist and the surgeon six weeks after his total knee replacement surgery.

Toby was discharged from the physiotherapist and the surgeon six weeks after his total knee replacement surgery.

Age at interview: 84
Sex: Male
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So that was then six sessions, six weeks, and she signed me off on the fifth week because with the exercises I’d been doing at home my knee was as good as it could possibly be.

It had gone well beyond 90 degrees, and I could do all the exercises and walk without crutches and all that kind of thing. And then of course roundabout the same time I had the post-op session with the people in [hospital] surgeons.

And they said exactly the same, he walked in the door, checked my knee and he said, “Stand up, do this, do that.” He said, “It doesn’t get any better than that.” And he just signed me off as well.

So, you know I guess it went quite well really.

And that, I have a feeling it’s all about listening to what they say to you.

The follow-up appointment was an opportunity to ask about any ongoing concerns. 

Stuart was concerned about his aching thigh. The surgeon reassured him that the pain in his muscles would improve with time.

Stuart was concerned about his aching thigh. The surgeon reassured him that the pain in his muscles would improve with time.

Age at interview: 79
Sex: Male
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 I would say yes, the pain has gone and I can walk, but the leg doesn’t seem, - that pamphlet that I had it said it could take over a year to get your knee back to normal.

Which I’ve accepted that’s my-  But the knee, okay I can bend it, I can do what I want with it but it doesn’t seem like my leg. It’s hard to explain but like it feels hard, the muscles and all that feel hard.

And when I went back to the consultant, no the after a month of the operation, I had - my thighs ached, they really, really were painful.

And when I said to the consultant she said, “Well what they do, they put a tournet over the top of your leg” on an air,  to stop the blood from flowing.

Now they put that [on] tight and that’s what stops - so they can do the operation - and of course she said, “All your muscles now are back as they should do, so they’ve got to get used to the other way of doing it.”

At her follow up with the surgeon, Eleanor saw the x-rays of her knee before and after replacement surgery. She asked him about the numbness down one side of her leg.

At her follow up with the surgeon, Eleanor saw the x-rays of her knee before and after replacement surgery. She asked him about the numbness down one side of her leg.

Age at interview: 72
Sex: Female
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It’s absolutely fine. I've been to see the consultant and he’s discharged me because he’s pleased with it all: it’s weight-bearing and I can more or less twist it anyway. The only problem that I have with it is it’s numb down one side, but when I said that to the consultant, he said that this could take about a year to right itself.

But it’s a strange feeling, you know, down one side being numb? But apart from that it’s all going very well.

And it was the last appointment, as I said this to you before, he showed me the X-rays of my knee before and after, and it’s amazing, I don't know how I even walked on it: I'd hardly any cartilage or anything left, and it was just amazing to see the difference from one to the other, you know, how that has improved.

Oh, that’s brilliant.

So that was interesting as well, so he really kept me in the loop, he explained all the way along what was happening, yeah.

The last time I saw [the surgeon], he discharged me and said unless I wanted to, he was quite happy with everything, and I feel fine, so I don't need to see him at the minute, you know, everything’s gone well.

Mary’s follow-up with the surgeon was delayed because her back pain made it impossible to leave home. Jan had an x-ray following her knee replacement but had difficult arranging a follow-up appointment. She felt in limbo as twelve months on from surgery she still had the same amount of knee pain and her mobility was badly affected.  See - Outcomes and satisfaction with knee replacement.

Some people we talked to also had an appointment with their surgeon or a physiotherapist around 6 months after the operation. Being given the ‘all clear’ and discharged was often felt as an important milestone in their recovery.

Mobility, knee function and flexibility

  • Mobility

Many people we talked to had seen an improvement in their knee function and mobility within the six months since their knee replacement surgery. Jacqueline, Eleanor and Marjorie and others said walking is easier now.

Marjorie’s knee is still slightly swollen six months after her total knee replacement surgery but she is able to go for a walk most days and she feels she has “a really good strong knee.”

Marjorie’s knee is still slightly swollen six months after her total knee replacement surgery but she is able to go for a walk most days and she feels she has “a really good strong knee.”

Age at interview: 73
Sex: Female
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Yes, I did, yes, she gave me loads of exercises which I did, and it’s paid dividends now because I’m, it’s a really strong good knee, I’m totally okay with it, you know.

It doesn’t actually feel like I’ve had an operation on there at all. It’s just like well you know it’s really settled in very well.

I had crutches which I’ve still got here. I ought to take them back. Yeah again, I can’t really remember but four to six weeks and I was fine, you know. I felt fine so I didn’t need them after that.

I walk and yeah, I’m not actually doing the physio things to be honest, but I do quite a lot of walking. I’ve got a little dog - I take him out most days with my husband. You know so I don’t feel I’ve got a problem with it at all.

You know my leg’s the same size as my other leg, you know it’s - the knee is still slightly bigger than my other knee which I fully expected, you know, it’s only six months ago, and that will take another year I should think to get settled back down to the other, to the right size, but it’s fine. I’m very happy with it.

As the months have gone by, Karen has been able to walk more and she has gone back to Nordic walking.

As the months have gone by, Karen has been able to walk more and she has gone back to Nordic walking.

Age at interview: 70
Sex: Female
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So how do you feel about the impact of the surgery?

Well, where I was so nervous, and you do meet people that have had- you know they haven’t been too happy or something’s happened with their operation, I was, I was nervous, but I’m thrilled with it.

Being able to walk, I hadn’t realised, I knew I was in pain but you know when you haven’t got it, it makes such a big difference to your life.

Can I ask a bit more about what has changed, so sort of pain and what you’re able to do?

Well, I’m able to walk.  I wasn’t really, I was having to work out how far everything was, you know from parking my car, could I go there? Could I get there? And then have to come home. I mean now I don’t have to think that; I can just act like other people.

So, it’s brilliant.

And is it completely pain free or do you have some pain still?

Well sometimes I just get like, oh yes, my knee hurts a little bit, but I mean it, no, literally it’s fantastic. Really fantastic.

I’m so pleased to hear that.

Yeah, it’s wonderful and I’ve lost some weight, cos I’m able to move and I’ve gone back to Nordic walking, so it’s brilliant.

Some people had progressed from using crutches, to walking sticks, to not needing a walking aid as they recovered from knee replacement surgery. The pace at which people did this varied. Some were still using a walking aid for confidence or support because of their other health conditions. Ged and Maureen felt their mobility improved quite quickly after their operation.

Ged's mobility improved quickly after his total knee replacement surgery. His pre-existing back pain still affects how long he can walk or stand for but surgery has exceeded his expectation.

Ged's mobility improved quickly after his total knee replacement surgery. His pre-existing back pain still affects how long he can walk or stand for but surgery has exceeded his expectation.

Age at interview: 81
Sex: Male
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Well, I was able to walk from, you know, about three days after, four days after the op I could walk with crutches, and that just gradually improved quite quickly really. I think by end of June, beginning of July, I was walking quite unaided.

In fact, the six weeks after the op, you know, I was back driving again.

I'm able now to walk up and down the stairs normally, whereas previous to it all, I had to go down the stairs one at a time and hang onto the rail, but now I can go up and down stairs without holding on at all, so, it’s improved greatly.

Well, it’s as I expected it to be.

I haven’t fully got full use as I-, you know, I can bend my knee and both upright, but with my right knee it’s not a pain at all, it’s like the skin of my knee feels tight,—that’s all, you know, and I shall have to-, yeah, I can get down and put my shoes on, and all right now, and bend down and do that, and get up again without, you know, struggling.

So, I suppose it could say that it’s exceeded my expectations at the moment.

Others felt they were “getting there” and still progressing.

Mahinder feels he is improving all the time since his total knee replacement surgery. He often walks without a walking stick and he can get on the bus.

Mahinder feels he is improving all the time since his total knee replacement surgery. He often walks without a walking stick and he can get on the bus.

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I can see I’m improving all the time.

So, I, when my sort of swelling will go, although I’m not in pain. I sleep well, you know, there hasn’t been any pain or anything like that, but on the whole, yeah, or now when I’m sort of I will do a little bit, I could feel a little bit of pain in my knee.

But listen, some of it could be age related as well, you know? So you know, you can’t just blame that. So yeah, I’m hoping that it-  but I’m sort of almost there and I’m hoping that I’ll continue, you know, so, more like that.

I don't know how much of the bend I’m going to get, but we’ve got quite a - going to go all the way back or not - but of course when I go and see a consultant in a month, a couple of months, he or she will look and then they’ll know [chuckles] how-, or what the state, and how much you can achieve.

But really what I’ve achieved is good mobility.

Good, and it’s better than it was before?

Oh yes, definitely.

Definitely, oh definitely yeah, I’ve got-, yeah, I feel revitalised really, yeah.  I can-, I’m almost at a point when I don’t have to use a walking stick either.

I can walk without it; I often walk without walking stick, and I can get on the bus and all that sort of thing, yeah.

So you know at point of getting my normal mobility again.

Derek says he can bend his knee back further each month. He had been told it could take a while before it returns to normal.

Derek says he can bend his knee back further each month. He had been told it could take a while before it returns to normal.

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Well, you know I still, I can’t sort of completely bend my knee, but you know it’s still, I feel it is getting better and betterer, if I put it that way and I was told it’d be two or three years before it actually returns to bang on normal.

Which you know, which is fine. But now I can’t bend my knee as far back as yeah as my left one, and I don’t expect to but yeah, I can certainly bend it back far more than I could’ve done two or three months ago. So if you like every month that goes past so, I can, it’s getting easier, let me put it that way.

For Mary, Jill and Lynda, their other ongoing health problems had affected their recovery and mobility.  Mary’s recovery had been slower because of a recurrence of her back problems three or four weeks after her knee surgery.   

Lynda says she can almost fully use her knee six months after her total knee replacement. She feels unsteady coming down stairs but she thinks that is because of problems with her other knee.

Lynda says she can almost fully use her knee six months after her total knee replacement. She feels unsteady coming down stairs but she thinks that is because of problems with her other knee.

Age at interview: 73
Sex: Female
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The first I would say week, week and a half, was two arm crutches, which then reduced to one [crutch] after about a week and a half, just moving around the house. If I went outside, I still took both.

I would say at about four weeks I could move around the house perfectly well without, and I went to a walking stick just outside then.

At six weeks, when I went for my six-weeks check-up, I gave the crutches back to the hospital and I used a walking stick probably till three months, just for balance, especially if I was outside the house, not inside the house, but outside.

I would say I've probably got 95% of usage, and I don't think it’s going to improve from that; I think this is it.

The only thing I don't like doing now is going down stairs. I don't mind going up, but I don't like coming down, but I do feel that might be as much the problem of the other knee being a bit dodgy and not necessarily the fault of the operated knee.

Jill had other health conditions to cope with during her recovery from total knee replacement. Her slow recovery has triggered her anxiety and she feels unsupported by the healthcare team.

Jill had other health conditions to cope with during her recovery from total knee replacement. Her slow recovery has triggered her anxiety and she feels unsupported by the healthcare team.

Age at interview: 72
Sex: Female
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The physiotherapist came out and that was-, after three weeks, that was the first time I’d seen any exercises to do.

So, I was doing the exercises and then various things happened. Then they had the rehab and they walked me out the house and round to there, but with my heart condition I was getting a bit out of breath, but no one’s doing anything about that, anyway, but I was taking furosemide for a while.

Anyway, then I had-, my legs killed me, so they changed the medication. So, I had a Longtec for 12 hours and I had-, I could have up to four five milligrams of Shortec in between if and when the pain reared its head.

So, I had agony from the knee down on one-, both knees, from your knees down once, and then I got over that, and then - the knees-, at the back of my legs were killing me and I didn’t know where to put myself.

Anyway the physiotherapist came and the GP told me I should walk up and down and do more exercises. The physiotherapist came and said because you had 30% weight on your knees and 60% on your frame, and you moved over to 30% on the frame and 60% on your knee, you’ve actually done too much on your knees, it was too much, so you’ve got to rest your knees and just go slowly at it, so that improved.

And then my anxiety state came back and I can’t get anything out the GP for that, and then I had-, as I said I had low-, very low blood pressure. They told me to drink loads of water, and when I went to the hospital to the acute triage on Wednesday of last week, they told me that was utterly wrong and because that’s why I’ve got such a-, out of breath, it’s because I had too much liquid, too much water.

So, I might have to take water tablets at a higher strength, or more often. And water tablets, I can only explain to you that if you take the water tablet in the morning, I can’t even get as far as the front door without wanting to go loo, so it’s terrible. And when I came back from triage on Wednesday, they made me take one in triage and I had to stop four times in the 11 miles back from the hospital to my house, so, it was a nightmare to say the least.

I’ve now got legs that ache because of course they’re swollen, and so we’re trying to get it down so I’m under the acute triage and I go back there on Thursday.

I am walking better and I am-, I can walk out to the front of my house, but I haven’t started to drive because I don’t want to drive while I’ve got these particular-, what they called, you know, these particular drugs, these opiates?

So, my sister, if I’ve got to go anywhere, she takes me. Her employer has been brilliant, and for the first few weeks I was home, she was home altogether, she’s been going back to work mornings only and she works from home in the afternoons, and she’s doing that and she’s going to do that-, she’s put in for her retirement, which will be [in] April.

But she’s been absolutely marvellous, because there are nights when I don’t sleep, I can’t get comfortable, my legs are like-, oh, they’re fidgety, they just won’t calm down and every now and again I get so anxiety status I just can’t lay down and sleep, whatever. Because it’s just-, I just-, oh, my brain does overtime.

When I think I’m getting better, something else comes along and throws me off beam.

I think it’s slower because I anticipated being in and out of this in eight weeks, and it didn’t happen, and if I’d have known that it was going to be triple whatever they call it, then I would have known I would have been longer.

The physiotherapist tells me, “Well, everybody’s different,” and, you know, so on? Yeah, accepted, but I think that people ought to have been a bit more realistic. I just felt that I was abandoned by the NHS because the physiotherapist didn’t come, the so-called urgent community response when you come home didn’t exist, it weren’t there.

I know they’re in difficulties, and I know they’re under pressure, but if you come out of hospital-, you know, my sister, if she hadn’t been working for [a hospice] - what about those other people?

I mean she works for [a hospice] so the nurses helped her move the lounge around and get the bed ready and put everything in place.

A physiotherapist explains why physiotherapy after knee surgery can help achieve a good outcome.

A physiotherapist explains why physiotherapy after knee surgery can help achieve a good outcome.

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If you were to keep the joint still and stiff, then you could develop contractures, which is where the joint gets set and fixed in a particular position, which is incredibly difficult to treat afterwards. So even if you developed a contracture, even physiotherapy, it's not clear whether that will get that movement back. So, the early phase - that first few weeks - are crucial because that's when the joint is susceptible, I suppose, open to change and that's the time to get that range of movement back. As time goes on, it becomes more and more difficult.

The other thing I guess or the other factors is if people are in pain and they're frightened to move, they're frightened to mobilise, then they may choose not to. And walking around on a knee that's fixed and set and bent is incredibly difficult, so it will affect general function and mobility as well. The joint won't feel supported, it won't feel strong, it may give way.

So yeah, for a multitude of reasons, it's important.

  • Knee function

Some people, including Karen, were able to kneel on their new replacement knee. Others, like Mary, noticed an improvement in the way their knee bends.

Others felt their knee function was still limited six months following surgery. Although Maureen can now walk well unaided, she is still unable to kneel on the floor and she is not completely pain free. Jacqueline and Jan are unable to kneel on their new knee. Pete is unable to bend his knee back as far as his previous knee replacement but he thinks it is because he is now older.

Dave Y is unable to completely straighten his knee after knee replacement surgery and it aches a bit.

Dave Y is unable to completely straighten his knee after knee replacement surgery and it aches a bit.

Age at interview: 72
Sex: Male
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The only problem that-, if you say it’s a problem, I don't know what you call the back of your knee, behind your knee, the fleshy part that aches a bit.

Wife: The ligament.

Well, the ligament I suppose, or the hamstrings, that aches a bit and I can’t completely straighten the knee up, it’s got a slight bend to it,—

Wife: You’ve got to work on it though.

-but the thing is, my legs are not bowed out anymore – they’re straight; whereas before, I mean I used to be able to walk and you could put a pig between my legs, but now it’s good, and I can walk good. Sometimes I get a bit of a pain when I’m going up the stairs, but I think that’s the pressure when you go up one step at a time, the pressure you put on the actual knee, but that’s slowly-, it’s slowly wearing off.

Wife: It’s still early days.

Jan finds if she sits for long, she can’t walk, and she is unable to kneel.

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Jan finds if she sits for long, she can’t walk, and she is unable to kneel.

Age at interview: 71
Sex: Female
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So yes, it continued to get a little bit better and then it would get worse, and then it would get a bit better, depending on what you do. I mean if you sit around doing nothing, it’s fine while you’re resting, but then when you get up, it’s no good at all because you can’t even walk on it, you’ve got to keep it going. And I did all the-, I’m still doing the exercises even nearly a year later, I’m still doing the exercises, because that’s what I did on the other one: I kept the exercises up and they were thrilled with me. Because again, never saw them, physiotherapy-

For this time round? Yeah.

—at all after the second one; whereas after the first, I was going to [city name] once a month to see a physiotherapist, and they were keeping on top of it. But there’s nothing at all with this second operation at all, they seem to be just-, I don’t understand it, but...I’m not alone.

It still gives out. I mean, to me, it’s still acting as if it hadn’t been done, it’s still acting like my old knee because it still gives out, it still-, yeah, it’s still so painful, it’s still so swollen. It’s almost like I haven’t had it, it’s still almost like it was my old knee and I’ve still got it.

Especially as you say, you know, you were hoping to get back to gardening, and walking your dog—

Well of course, yes. Oh gosh, that’s completely out, yeah,—

Oh, bless you.

—absolutely, yeah. I can’t even do the weeding anymore because I can’t kneel on it, you see? I’m still-, I can kneel on my first knee, I can kneel on my right knee wonderfully, not a problem, but I can’t kneel on this second one.

Knee pain, swelling and muscles

  • Knee pain

Several months after knee replacement surgery, some people we talked to no longer had knee pain.  Jacqueline still has pain in her shoulders and hand from arthritis but is now pain-free in her replaced knee and she is able to “do everything now that was painful to do before”. Dorothy only has “an occasional twinge” in the morning six months after knee replacement surgery but it doesn’t stay for long.

Jacqueline’s knee cap was “a little bit sore” several months after knee replacement surgery but she no longer had joint pain.

Jacqueline’s knee cap was “a little bit sore” several months after knee replacement surgery but she no longer had joint pain.

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It’s still a little bit sore in places, but it’s healed up beautifully, the scar is fading now. It’s still a little bit sore, perhaps over the knee cap but, you know, it’s fine, it’s working, and there’s no pain there apart from a soreness pain rather than a joint pain.

It’s only in just one place where - well, it’s right over the knee cap - and I suppose it’s getting stretched a bit more, isn't it?

It’s not pain as to the rubbing inside, you know, of the inside of the knee, it’s just a little painful where I think one of the staples was, but it’s probably, as I say, it’s right over the knee, patella part of your knee, there, and it’s probably because it was- looking down at it now - it is a little bit- the actual scar itself is probably a little bit brighter there, you know? So perhaps it’s just taking that little bit longer to heal underneath; I don’t know.

So, it’s just- it’s not a knee joint pain, it’s just like a skin pain.

Others said their knee pain had improved substantially and they could cope with the remaining level of pain. Maureen said her knee pain is “not nearly as bad as it was” and one she can “put up with.” Mary said “it aches when I walk a bit, but it’s not a bad pain and I can cope with that.” Karen said her knee “hurts a little bit” but “overall it’s fantastic, really fantastic.”

In contrast, Jan felt there had been little improvement in her knee following surgery. She still has knee pain and instability, and it feels the same as it was before the surgery.

Certain movements or activities could still cause pain many months after knee replacement surgery. Despite her knee being much better, Maureen found that if she does a lot during the day that it would become “uncomfortable.” Stuart started having knee pain around four months after his knee replacement surgery when climbing the stairs.

Tina’s knee only hurts if her knee is bent backwards. When walking it is her other knee that hurts more.

Tina’s knee only hurts if her knee is bent backwards. When walking it is her other knee that hurts more.

Age at interview: 76
Sex: Female
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To be fair because of the other knee, I had to go on taking the paracetamol. I don’t take them like every four hours now, but certainly before the walk I take them, and before the exercises that I’m supposed to do. I usually take them because otherwise it’s still painful trying to put my left knee backwards - it - pull it back, you know when you sit down and you pull your foot back?

That inhibits you if it hurts too much, it inhibits you as to how far you can make it go back.

It’s a mixture really. Not so much pain now from the left one, the operated one, except if I should step down a steepish step which leaves your foot behind you, and therefore the knee quite, quite bent then that’s the biggest pain with that one.

But general walking the actual pain side is definitely now more the right one.

  • Swelling

Swelling around the knee and lower leg after knee replacement surgery usually goes down over time but it can take many months. Occasionally, the knee will remain slightly swollen.

Eleanor’s swelling had gone down but it had taken a long time. Others were still experiencing some swelling six months after their operation. Mahinder still had a little swelling five months after his surgery but it was improving.

Tina still has some swelling above her knee and her ankle swells up if she sits for any length of time. She has been told by orthopaedic team it can take a year for the swelling to go.

Tina still has some swelling above her knee and her ankle swells up if she sits for any length of time. She has been told by orthopaedic team it can take a year for the swelling to go.

Age at interview: 76
Sex: Female
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Well, I tried to do whatever I could from the exercises I knew you were supposed to try and do. And it wasn’t quite such a ton weight as, you know, the days progressed. But it was swollen, obviously swollen and the ankle, right down to the ankle and all the way up.

And in fact I haven’t got rid of that particular problem, it’s still got some swelling above the knee and the ankle swells up, if I am sitting for any amount of time with my legs down, like in a car journey or anything.

But what happens is there’s this terrific tightening up that happens. Now that had dropped back quite a lot, but just in the last couple of days it’s been doing it just above the knee now more than before, it was like a metal band below and above the knee. Now this has come up more like, more like it’s swollen, and with just one small lumpy area below the knee.

So, I have been just, you know, trying to do the massage as hard as I can myself, rather than, cos obviously it’s pretty horrible to do it to somebody else, when they’re obviously in a lot of pain with it.

So yeah, in fact you could say to a degree it is still going on.

But also, when I have had the appointment at orthopaedics in the main hospital, you know they do make quite light of it and say, “Well inside there you’ve got this, that and the other, and it’s no wonder really, and it can be a year or more, longer, not just a year or more, but a year or more longer from now before all of that will be gone.”

  • Muscles and ligaments

The muscles around the knee and leg are affected during knee replacement surgery and it can take several months for these to repair and return to normal. Some people we talked to had ongoing discomfort in their muscles.

Six months on from his knee replacement Toby just had stiffness after sitting or lying. He is expecting this to improve as the muscles become more stable.

Six months on from his knee replacement Toby just had stiffness after sitting or lying. He is expecting this to improve as the muscles become more stable.

Age at interview: 84
Sex: Male
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How do you feel six months in?

It just stiffens up a bit, you know, in the morning when you get up, or if you get up at night.  It’s best to sort of stand up and then flex it a bit. Because it stiffens up, and I think that’s what it’s all about for the year. 

It’s like - I imagine it’s the muscles and everything just really stabilising themselves

I mean at the moment now I can walk around perfectly normal, but if you sit down for a while it stiffens up and if you lie down for a while it stiffens up.

How is the pain and the mobility in the knee at the moment - how does that compare to what it was like before the replacement joint?

Oh, there’s very little pain, you know, it’s basically - it’s sorted.

At his follow-up appointment, Mahinder was told that the movement in his knee was very good but that it will take time for “muscles, ligaments and tendons to recover.”

At his follow-up appointment, Mahinder was told that the movement in his knee was very good but that it will take time for “muscles, ligaments and tendons to recover.”

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And then I went back after six weeks or so.  I had an appointment - I didn’t see the consultant but I saw the registrar, and he said, “Yeah, you’ve had the x-ray,” and he said, “Everything’s fine, your movements very good, it’s going to take time,” he said.  "In fact, look, your knee will need, because it was in a bad condition,” he said, “it’s going to take time for the muscles and your ligaments and tendons to recover.”

But what I’m doing, I’ll make sure I maintain a good level of exercise, you know? I do it every day and this sort of thing, but without overdoing it, so-

Without over-,

—yeah, without over-, yeah of course. You’ve got to really-, you know, you’ve got to help yourself, you’ve got to do things for yourself. 

You can’t just leave it for the doctors, you know? You’ve get off the sofa, [chuckles] they can’t do it for you.

Stuart has no pain now after his knee replacement surgery but his leg feels heavy and different to his other leg. He didn’t expect his muscles to take so long to recover.

Stuart has no pain now after his knee replacement surgery but his leg feels heavy and different to his other leg. He didn’t expect his muscles to take so long to recover.

Age at interview: 79
Sex: Male
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You know but I said, “No I didn’t think that it - I didn’t honestly believe it was going to take a year.” But the way things are going I think it will take a year. I’ve got no pain at all now.

That’s good yeah.

But the leg feels heavy, I know it might sound stupid, but when you have a shower, I mean the water goes all the way, when you touch it, it’s not the same as you touching the other leg. Do you understand what I mean by that?

No, I just - if I touch my left leg, the top of the thigh, I can bend it and there’s muscles there, it’s flexible. On my, this one-  it’s solid. The muscles are solid.

And does it feel sort of swollen at all or sort of sensitive?

It - no, well they reckoned that it could be swollen for over a year.

And it is swollen, yes. But that’s, I never thought about that, first I’ve done that. But if I showed, I’m sat on a chair now - if I put my arm, my hand in the front of the thigh, I can move the muscles and the muscles move and it’s quite flexible, if I go on the other side, I can move the muscles but it’s not a patch flexible like the other one is.

So that, that’s what I mean about it’s different.

And the same as if I go down below, up below the knee it’s the same. But the thigh there it’s strange, it’s a strange sensation.

But I suppose you just have to wait, it’s going to take time for the muscles to go back.

  • Scarring

Jacqueline, Derek, Karen and Maureen were really pleased with the way their scar had healed. Maureen said she’s hardly got any scar at all. This was not the case for everyone we talked to. Eleanor said her scar was quite big and long. She was using a specialist scar skincare oil on it and it was fading. Lynda said one part of the scar on her leg did not meet up properly. Tina had a part of her scar which is uncomfortable at the top and looks like something, such as an undissolved stitch, still in there.

Return to driving

Driving may be possible 6 to 8 weeks after knee replacement surgery. People should be free of the sedative effects of any painkillers and able to perform an emergency stop.

After speaking to his physiotherapist, Mahinder decided to wait for 10 weeks before he drove again. Marjorie waited about 11 weeks until she felt completely confident that she could do an emergency stop. Jill doesn’t drive as she is still taking strong opiate painkillers. Lynda had a trial drive at eight weeks after her knee replacement surgery to see if she could do an emergency stop. It was three months before she wanted to drive further than to the shops and back. Ged’s mobility improved quickly and he felt confident to drive after six weeks.

Ongoing physiotherapy and exercises

People we talked to said it was important to keep their knee moving in the months following their knee replacement to help regain strength and movement. For some, this was by going on regular walks and up and down stairs. Eleanor doesn’t want her muscles to stiffen up so she still does physiotherapy exercises six months after her total knee replacement surgery.  

Derek maintains his knee function through walking regularly and incorporating exercises into his daily life.

Derek maintains his knee function through walking regularly and incorporating exercises into his daily life.

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I think initially I might have overdone it a bit actually, but do you know I probably  went for probably a longer walk than I should have done, which then the following day would then put me back. So, I’m a little bit wary about how much I do push it, but it has been impressed upon me how important the exercises were initially and I still try and obviously maintain full use of my knee if I put it that way by my going on walks and generally sort of if I’m standing around somewhere trying to stretch it and do one of two little exercises anyway whilst I’m just standing around if I’m waiting for a bus or something like that.

Pete continues to do daily exercises to strengthen his knee in the year after knee replacement.

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Pete continues to do daily exercises to strengthen his knee in the year after knee replacement.

Age at interview: 82
Sex: Female
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Well the instructions I got from the hospital were just purely recovery from the knee operation. Making sure you could stretch it and bend it and weight bear on it. But I don’t do any of those specifically now, no, I do other exercises.

It’s a more, you know more of a general nature, you know?

I do balancing exercises - put one foot in front of the other, keeping that going for thirty seconds, trying to keep my eyes shut, which is difficult. I also do a whole lot of exercises lying on the floor, you know, pulling the knee in towards me and back out again, and rocking it from side to side.

So you know quite, quite a variety, and also as I say most days I do, oh, anything between five hundred and a thousand revolutions on the exercise bike.

Some people had ongoing physiotherapy during the six months after their operation. When Karen saw the physiotherapist for follow-up at six weeks, she was pleased with her knee movement.  She was invited to go back again if she needed to.

Tina followed on with a Health and Strength class after her physiotherapy sessions and she is continuing to do physiotherapy exercises at home.

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Tina followed on with a Health and Strength class after her physiotherapy sessions and she is continuing to do physiotherapy exercises at home.

Age at interview: 76
Sex: Female
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What happened was there was a separate little class, I’m not sure if I was a hundred percent appropriate for it, I think you could call it a falls class, but it’s called “Health and Strength class.”

Well but I’m not, I don’t think I was really quite in the category of some of the people who were at the class. I’ve kept going and it was six weeks but bearing in mind all the stuff I was doing from the physios, you know, it was a much lower level of everything, shall I put it like that.

So, she has discharged me until she gets, you know, the notification after the second op, the second knee is done.

So, I’m, I’ve put myself into no-man’s land a bit, but I’m obviously still going on doing the exercises here.

New health priorities during recovery

For Mary, Jan, Clive, Stuart and Pete, other health conditions became more of a priority than their recovery from knee surgery. After having a mild heart attack in the months after having knee replacement surgery, Jan said “I’ve pushed my knee and shoulders back a bit… I’ve been concentrating on [recovering from the heart attack] now.”

Pete had bowel obstruction surgery and pneumonia in the weeks following knee replacement surgery and says, “I’ve been convalescing for everything else except my knee.”

Pete had bowel obstruction surgery and pneumonia in the weeks following knee replacement surgery and says, “I’ve been convalescing for everything else except my knee.”

Age at interview: 82
Sex: Female
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I can’t bend it back quite as far as I can my left, but other than that I’ve got no pain, and it’s, it’s fine.

Good.

So that operation was , you know a hundred percent really.

Brilliant, brilliant.

But the trouble was that only eight days after that operation, which was obviously under general anaesthetic, I then had a bowel obstruction, and was rushed into hospital again, only eight days later, and had to have general anaesthetic again where some scar tissue from a 2009 hernia operation had strangulated the small intestine.

No.

So that, that was quite, you know, a nasty little operation that.

So that I think caused my body to suffer from a bit of trauma to be honest, because following on from that I was then rushed into hospital twice by ambulance en-route to A&E, once with extremely low blood pressure, and then other one was

Wife: [in background] pneumonia.

Pneumonia. Yeah, I was diagnosed with pneumonia the week after that.

Oh no.

So, you know I’ve been rather sort of convalescing for everything else except my knee since then.

Clive had a new difficulty with walking not related to his knees. Getting a diagnosis became more of a priority than his knee surgery recovery.

Clive had a new difficulty with walking not related to his knees. Getting a diagnosis became more of a priority than his knee surgery recovery.

Age at interview: 77
Sex: Male
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I've still got a little bit of numbness down the leg a little bit. A little bit of tingling on the kneecap side, but no problem whatsoever, you know, even if I lie on the floor and bring my legs up to my body, it hurts more in my right leg than it does in the left leg that I had done.

So, no, a definite improvement.

And as your knee has got sort of better and better, has that had an impact on your overall life and what you can do now?

As far as the knee is concerned, yeah, although the other problems are causing me chaos.

I've been getting like electric shocks down my legs—

Oh, gosh.

— and which takes me off balance so-, and I can't put any pressure on-, or couldn't at the time, put any pressure on to try and do-, lift yourself up onto your toes because suddenly it would give way to try and walk one foot in front of the other, I was losing my balance, and well, just general movement has affected me quite a bit, and certainly not my leg, you know my leg itself the operation, then no problems.

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